Skip to main content

Table 2 Associations between smoking, age and socio-economic factors, per national income level, for women and men

From: Socioeconomic inequalities in smoking in low and mid income countries: positive gradients among women?

  

Odds ratio (95% CI)

  

Women

Men

  

LLMIC*

UMHIC**

LLMIC*

UMHIC**

AGE

18 - 25

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

26 - 35

1.68 (1.52-1.85)

1.07 (0.99-1.16)

1.89 (1.78-2.00)

1.22 (1.14-1.31)

36 - 45

2.71 (2.46-3.00)

1.14 (1.05-1.24)

2.34 (2.21-2.48)

1.27 (1.19-1.36)

46 - 55

3.84 (3.47-4.27)

1.12 (1.03-1.22)

2.28 (2.14-2.43)

1.16 (1.08-1.25)

56 - 65

4.30 (3.84-4.82)

0.91 (0.82-1.01)

1.83 (1.70-1.97)

1.01 (0.93-1.10)

66 - 75

4.53 (4.00-5.15)

0.67 (0.60-0.76)

1.41 (1.30-1.54)

0.78 (0.71-0.86)

75+

4.68 (3.92-5.58)

0.60 ( 0.51-0.71)

1.28 (1.00-1.28)

0.56 (0.49-0.63)

OCCUPATION

White collar

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Clerk

1.17(0.80-1.17)

1.25 (1.10-1.42)

1.13 (0.98-1.30)

1.13 (1.00-1.26)

Service or sales

1.24 (0.96-1.62)

1.44 (1.28-1.63)

1.24 (1.12-1.37)

1.18 (1.07-1.30)

Craft trades worker

1.11 (0.84-1.47)

1.21 (1.05-1.42)

1.44 (1.30-1.58)

1.09 (1.14-1.36)

Plant operator

1.27 (0.88-1.83)

1.42 (1.18-1.72)

1.50 (1.34-1.67)

1.24 (1.18-1.42)

Elementary worker

1.44 (1.13-1.84)

1.27 (1.08-1.43)

1.60 (1.44-1.78)

1.30 (1.10-1.36)

Agricultural

1.61 (1.28-2.03)

1.08 (0.88-1.35)

1.48 (1.36-1.61)

1.23 (1.00-1.19)

Not working for pay

1.05 (0.84-1.31)

0.86 (0.78-0.95)

1.06 (0.97-1.16)

1.05 (0.97-1.14)

EDUCATION

No education

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Primary school

0.48 (0.44-0.52)

0.56 (0.50-0.62)

0.80 (0.77-0.85)

0.78 (0.72-0.84)

Secondary school

0.32 (0.28-0.37)

0.63 (0.57-0.70)

0.63 (0.60-0.66)

0.72 (0.66-0.78)

High school

0.23 (0.18-0.28)

0.77 (0.70-0.86)

0.50 (0.47-0.54)

0.67 (0.61-0.73)

University

0.36 (0.30-0.43)

0.70 (0.61-0.80)

0.38 (0.35-0.42)

0.47 (0.42-0.52)

  1. *LLMICs are low- and lower-middle-income countries (GDP < 3,856 dollar per capita).
  2. **UMHICs are upper-middle- and high-income countries (GDP ≥ 3,856 dollar per capita).