Table 3 Decomposition analysis (Fairlie) showing the percentage contribution of each covariate to the gaps in utilization of health services between urban and rural areas
From: Rural–urban inequalities in health care utilization in Bhutan: a decomposition analysis
Used outpatient care in case of ill health or injury in the past month 1 = yes 0 = no | Type of outpatient care used when experienced ill health or injury in the past month 1 = primary health care 0 = outpatient hospital care | Used inpatient hospital care in the past year 1 = yes 0 = no | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pr Urban | 0.6965 | 0.1121 | 0.0301 | ||||||
Pr Rural | 0.6689 | 0.4018 | 0.0312 | ||||||
Difference | 0.0277 | -0.2897 | -0.0011 | ||||||
Endowment effect (%) | 0.0817 (254.3%) | -0.1042 (36.0%) | -0.0028 (263.1%) | ||||||
Detailed decomposition of endowment effect | Coef | SE | % | Coef | SE | % | Coef | SE | % |
Female | -0.0009 | 0.0005 | -0.9% | -0.0012*** | 0.0006 | 1.2% | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | -4.7% |
Age 31–60 years | -0.0016 | 0.0020 | -1.6% | 0.0004 | 0.0032 | -0.4% | 0.0006 | 0.0005 | -30.4% |
Age above 60 years | -0.0129** | 0.0051 | -12.4% | 0.0028 | 0.0047 | -2.7% | 0.0015*** | 0.0005 | -79.7% |
With disability | -0.0001 | 0.0027 | -0.1% | 0.0021 | 0.0022 | -2.0% | -0.0023*** | 0.0004 | 120.2% |
Quintile 2 | 0.0084 | 0.0087 | 8.1% | 0.0098** | 0.0041 | -9.4% | -0.0017*** | 0.0006 | 90.4% |
Quintile 3 | 0.0012 | 0.0033 | 1.1% | 0.0032** | 0.0013 | -3.0% | -0.0006*** | 0.0003 | 29.7% |
Quintile 4 | -0.0066 | 0.0050 | -6.3% | -0.0179*** | 0.0040 | 17.2% | 0.0014*** | 0.0005 | -70.8% |
Quintile 5 | -0.0189 | 0.0148 | -18.2% | -0.0649*** | 0.0090 | 62.3% | 0.0041*** | 0.0012 | -211.2% |
Education: Primary, secondary and vocational | -0.0020 | 0.0042 | -1.9% | -0.0111** | 0.0044 | 10.6% | -0.0025*** | 0.0006 | 131.3% |
Education: Bachelors and higher | -0.0026 | 0.0019 | -2.5% | 0.0027 | 0.0030 | -2.6% | -0.0014*** | 0.0003 | 70.2% |
Married/together | -0.0019 | 0.0028 | -1.9% | -0.0063 | 0.0050 | 6.1% | -0.0003 | 0.0007 | 17.2% |
Divorced/separated | 0.0037 | 0.0028 | 3.6% | -0.0031 | 0.0028 | 3.0% | -0.0012*** | 0.0005 | 60.0% |
Unemployed | 0.0017 | 0.0024 | 1.7% | -0.0013 | 0.0018 | 1.2% | 0.0004 | 0.0003 | -19.4% |
Not in employment age | 0.0134*** | 0.0039 | 12.9% | 0.0264*** | 0.0057 | -25.3% | -0.0002 | 0.0003 | 9.7% |
Central region | 0.0418*** | 0.0073 | 40.3% | 0.0035 | 0.0054 | -3.4% | 0.0006 | 0.0005 | -32.6% |
Eastern region | 0.0181*** | 0.0067 | 17.5% | -0.0468*** | 0.0065 | 44.9% | -0.0018*** | 0.0006 | 93.7% |
Health facilities at more than 1 h | 0.0289 | 0.0201 | 27.9% | 0.0014 | 0.0045 | -1.3% | -0.0003 | 0.0006 | 16.3% |
Household size of 4–5 members | -0.0029 | 0.0024 | -2.8% | 0.0036 | 0.0025 | -3.4% | -0.00004 | 0.0003 | 1.9% |
Household size of 6 members and above | 0.0035 | 0.0036 | 3.3% | -0.0074** | 0.0031 | 7.1% | 0.0009 | 0.0005 | -46.8% |