Table 2 Factors associated with utilization of health services (logistic regression)
From: Rural–urban inequalities in health care utilization in Bhutan: a decomposition analysis
Total | Rural | Urban | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Used outpatient care in case of ill health or injury in the past month 1 = yes 0 = no | Type of outpatient care used when experienced ill health or injury in the past month 1 = primary health care 0 = outpatient hospital care | Used inpatient hospital care in the past year 1 = yes 0 = no | Used outpatient care in case of ill health or injury in the past month 1 = yes 0 = no | Type of outpatient care used when experienced ill health or injury in the past month 1 = primary health care 0 = outpatient hospital care | Used inpatient hospital care in the past year 0 = no 1 = yes | Used outpatient care in case of ill health or injury in the past month 1 = yes 0 = no | Type of outpatient care used when experienced ill health or injury in the past month 1 = primary health care 0 = outpatient hospital care | Used inpatient hospital care in the past year 1 = yes 0 = no | |
Area: (Ref: urban) | |||||||||
Rural | 1.26 *** (0.09) | 3.40*** (0.36) | 0.92 (0.06) | ||||||
Gender (Ref: male) | |||||||||
Female | 1.20*** (0.07) | 1.22** (0.10) | 1.14** (0.07) | 1.16* (0.09) | 1.30*** (0.13) | 1.11 (0.08) | 1.26** (0.12) | 1.01 (0.17) | 1.18 (0.11) |
Age categories (Ref: age less than 30 years) | |||||||||
Age 31–60 years | 1.20* (0.11) | 1.10 (0.16) | 0.63*** (0.05) | 1.29* (0.18) | 0.98 (0.17) | 0.55*** (0.06) | 1.12 (0.15) | 1.44 (0.39) | 0.75** (0.09) |
Age above 60 years | 1.40*** (0.17) | 0.99 (0.17) | 0.67*** (0.07) | 1.36* (0.22) | 0.89 (0.18) | 0.65*** (0.08) | 1.68** (0.35) | 1.37 (0.52) | 0.66** (0.13) |
Disability status (Ref: no disability) | |||||||||
Some form of disability | 0.90 (0.06) | 0.84* (0.09) | 2.55*** (0.17) | 0.84* (0.08) | 0.90 (0.10) | 2.29*** 0.20) | 1.00 (0.12) | 0.68* (0.10) | 3.13*** (0.34) |
Marital status (Ref: never married) | |||||||||
Married or together | 1.21* (0.13) | 1.16 (0.20) | 2.36*** (0.23) | 1.32* (0.23) | 1.32 (0.28) | 2.06*** (0.26) | 1.11 (0.17) | 0.85 (0.26) | 2.73*** (0.40) |
Divorced or separated | 0.95 (0.14) | 1.23 (0.27) | 2.46*** (0.33) | 1.11 (0.21) | 1.33 (0.34) | 2.20*** (0.37) | 0.73 (0.17) | 1.28 (0.57) | 2.73*** (0.64) |
Education (Ref: no formal education) | |||||||||
Primary, secondary and vocational | 0.94 (0.06) | 0.83 (0.08) | 0.70*** (0.05) | 0.94 (0.09) | 0.75** (0.09) | 0.67*** (0.06) | 0.95 (0.09) | 0.96 (0.17) | 0.74*** (0.07) |
Bachelors degree and higher | 0.75* (0.13) | 1.36 (0.39) | 0.53*** (0.08) | 0.91 (0.31) | 1.47 (0.62) | 0.33*** (0.11) | 0.76 (0.15) | 1.16 (0.48) | 0.67** (0.12) |
Employment (Ref: employed) | |||||||||
Unemployed | 1.09 (0.08) | 0.96 (0.10) | 1.19** (0.08) | 1.10 (0.11) | 0.92 (0.11) | 1.11 (0.10) | 1.09 (0.13) | 0.95 (0.21) | 1.29** (0.14) |
Not in employment age | 1.83*** (0.20) | 2.04*** (0.33) | 1.09 (0.11) | 1.83*** (0.28) | 2.46*** (0.49) | 0.87 (0.12) | 1.86*** (0.29) | 1.43 (0.41) | 1.46** (0.24) |
Geographical region (Ref: western region) | |||||||||
Central region | 0.47** (0.04) | 1.00 (0.10) | 0.93 (0.06) | 0.44*** (0.04) | 0.93 (0.11) | 0.90 (0.08) | 0.49*** (0.06) | 0.98 (0.25) | 0.98 (0.11) |
Eastern region | 0.63*** (0.05) | 2.92*** (0.30) | 1.28*** (0.09) | 0.59*** (0.06) | 2.36*** (0.28) | 1.34*** (0.12) | 0.68*** (0.09) | 5.30*** (1.01) | 1.12 (0.14) |
Household consumption quintiles (Ref: quintile 1, poorest) | |||||||||
Quintile 2 | 1.07 (0.11) | 0.77** (0.10) | 1.34*** (0.13) | 1.12 (0.13) | 0.73** (0.10) | 1.45*** (0.15) | 0.76 (0.21) | 1.31 (0.58) | 0.84 (0.21) |
Quintile 3 | 1.02 (0.11) | 0.67*** (0.09) | 1.44*** (0.14) | 0.97 (0.11) | 0.66*** (0.09) | 1.50*** (0.17) | 0.91 (0.24) | 0.89 (0.38) | 1.02 (0.23) |
Quintile 4 | 0.92 (0.10) | 0.58*** (0.08) | 1.36*** (0.14) | 0.96 (0.12) | 0.48*** (0.07) | 1.58*** (0.19) | 0.72 (0.18) | 1.10 (0.44) | 0.83 (0.19) |
Quintile 5, richest | 0.94 (0.14) | 0.32*** (0.05) | 1.49*** (0.16) | 1.00*** (0.14) | 0.31*** (0.05) | 1.66*** (0.21) | 0.73 (0.18) | 0.48* (0.20) | 0.94 (0.21) |
Distance to health facilities (Ref: health facilities within 1 h) | |||||||||
Health facilities at more than 1 h | 0.65*** (0.06) | 0.96 (0.11) | 1.07 (0.08) | 0.65*** (0.06) | 0.97 (0.11) | 1.04 (0.08) | 0.55 (0.22) | 0.57 (0.61) | 2.06** (0.66) |
Household size (Ref: household size of 3 members and below) | |||||||||
Household size of 4–5 members | 0.90 (0.07) | 1.22* (0.13) | 1.03 (0.07) | 0.93 (0.09) | 1.20 (0.15) | 0.99 (0.09) | 0.87 (0.09) | 1.23 (0.24) | 1.06 (0.11) |
Household size of 6 members and above | 0.87* (0.07) | 1.40*** (0.16) | 0.89 (0.07) | 0.89 (0.09) | 1.37** (0.17) | 0.82** (0.08) | 0.88 (0.11) | 1.38 (0.32) | 1.00 (0.13) |
Constant | 2.0*** (0.30) | 0.12*** (0.03) | 0.02*** (0.002) | 2.41*** (0.49) | 0.45*** (0.12) | 0.02*** (0.003) | 2.52*** (0.71) | 0.09*** (0.04) | 0.02*** (0.004) |
Number of observations(a) | 5904 | 4021 | 48639 | 3304 | 2210 | 29085 | 2600 | 1811 | 19554 |
Pseudo r-squared | 0.0262 | 0.1641 | 0.0389 | 0.0283 | 0.0801 | 0.0391 | 0.0264 | 0.0879 | 0.0448 |