Rural‒urban disparities in household catastrophic health expenditure in Bangladesh: a multivariate decomposition analysis

Table 2 Mean annual out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditures (USD) by area of residence

Year	Rural		Urban		Difference
Year	Mean	Std. Err	Mean	Std. Err	Difference
2005	190.24	(10.3)	286.88	(22.9)	-96.63**
2010	280.78	(24.7)	271.35	(21.5)	9.43
2016	370.18	(10.8)	412.72	(21.3)	-42.54

OOP expenditures are adjusted for inflation using the consumer price index (CPI) and converted to US dollars based on the 2016 average exchange rate (USD 1 = BDT 78.468); Difference = Rural OOP expenditure—Urban OOP expenditure; Std. Err. = standard error; Equality of mean OOP expenses are tested using adjusted Wald test
^* p ≤ 0.05
^** p ≤ 0.01

ISSN: 1475-9276