Table 2 Characteristics of the included studies
Outcome category | Author (Year) | Country | Study population | Outcome (Assessment method) | Focus on moderation between SEP and access |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Use preventive services | Meersman et al. (2009) [40] | USA | adults (40–84 years, women) | mammography screening use (survey) | |
Mobley et al. (2009) [41] | USA | adults (65–104 years, women) | mammography screening use (administrative data) | ||
Haas et al. (2010) [42] | USA | adults (≥ 50 years) | colorectal cancer screening use (survey) | ||
Patel et al. (2010) [43] | USA | adults (≥ 45 years) | prostate cancer screening use (survey) | ||
Smith et al. (2011) [44] | USA | adults (≥ 41 years, women) | mammography screening use (survey) | ||
Patel et al. (2012) [45] | USA | adults (≥ 50 years) | colorectal cancer screening use (survey) | ||
Akinyemiju et al. (2012) [46] | USA | adults (50–74 years, women) | mammography screening/clinical breast examination use (survey) | ||
McCall-Hosenfeld et al. (2012) [47] | USA | adults (18–45 years) | screening and vaccination index; preventive counselling index (survey) | ||
Jensen et al. (2014) [48] | Denmark | adults (50–70 years, women) | mammography screening use (administrative data) | ||
Charland et al. (2014) [49] | Canada | population in Montreal | influenza A/H1N1p vaccination use (administrative data) | ||
Luo et al. (2014) [50] | USA | adults (≥ 18 years, with diabetes) | influenza and pneumococcal vaccination use; doctor’s visit; A1C test use; foot and eye examination; self-care education (survey) | ||
Marino et al. 2014 [51] | Australia | adults (≥ 55 years) | dental care use (time interval since last dental visit; survey) | ||
Ouedraogo et al. (2014) [52] | France | adults (51–74 years, women) | mammography screening use (administrative data) | ||
Patel et al. (2014) [53] | USA | adults (≥ 40 years, women) | mammography screening/clinical breast examination use (survey) | ||
Vogt et al. (2014) [54] | Germany | individuals in German districts | use of cancer screenings (prostate, cervical, colon, skin, mammography) (administrative data) | ||
Henry et al. (2014) [55] | USA | adults (40–74 years, women) | mammography screening use (survey) | ||
Dumas / Polk (2015) [56] | USA | children (15 months-5 years) | dentist visit (survey) | ||
Sakai et al. (2015) [57] | Japan | children (< 15 years) | diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, measles vaccination (administrative data) | ||
Toivakka et al. (2015) [58] | Finland | adults (with type 2 diabetes) | hemoglobin A1c test use (patient file data) | ||
Chou et al. (2016) [59] | USA | adults (≥ 40 years) | dilated eye examination use; eye care visits (survey) | ||
Leinonen et al. (2017) [60] | Norway | adults (25–69 years, women) | cervical cancer screening use (administrative data) | ||
Feng et al. (2017) [61] | USA | adults (≥ 18 years) | dental visits (county-level percent of visits in the previous year) (survey) | ||
Fujita et al. (2017) [62] | Japan | adults (40–74 years) | use of annual health check-up (administrative data) | yes | |
Héquet / Rouzier (2017) [63] | France | children (10–19 years, females) | HPV vaccination rate (administrative data) | ||
Jewett et al. (2018) [64] | USA | adults (50–74 years, women) | mammography screening use frequency (survey) | yes | |
Yoon et al. (2018) [65] | USA | adults (≥ 18 years) | use of preventive dental care (survey) | ||
Wright et al. (2019) [66] | UK | adults (≥ 60 years) | attendance at publicly funded eye examination (census data) | ||
Patel et al. (2020) [67] | USA | adults (≥ 40 years, women) | cervical cancer screening/mammography/colorectal cancer screening use (survey) | ||
Potentially avoidable use | Kirby / Kaneda (2005) [68] | USA | adults (≥ 18 years, women) | unmet medical need (inability to obtain health care when participant thought it was necessary) (survey) | |
Kirby / Kaneda (2006) [69] | USA | adults (> 25 years) | poor access to healthcare (survey) | ||
Giorda et al. (2006) [70] | Italy | adults (20–75 years) | ED visits; re-admissions for diabetes-related complications; unplanned hospital admissions (hospital data) | ||
Ionescu-Ittu et al. (2007) [71] | Canada | adults (elderly, ≥ 65 years) | rate of ED use (administrative data) | ||
Harris et al. (2008) [72] | USA | population | myocardial infarct hospitalisations; heart failure hospitalisations (hospital data) | ||
Penfold et al. (2008) [73] | USA | children (2–20 years) | risk of perforated appendicitis (hospital data) | ||
Chen et al. (2009) [74] | USA | adults | hospitalisations due to ambulatory care sensitive conditions (administrative data) | ||
Knudson et al. (2009) [75] | USA | children (2–17 years) | hospitalisations for asthma (hospital data) | ||
Concannon et al. (2009) [76] | USA | adults (≥ 18 years) | elapsed time in emergency medical services; delay in emergency medical services (hospital data) | ||
Rosato et al. (2009) [77] | Italy | adults (incident breast cancer patients) | breast-conversing therapy surgery with/without radiotherapy/mastectomy use (administrative data) | ||
Margolis et al. (2011) [78] | USA | children, adults (full population of U.S. Medicare beneficiaries with diabetes) | lower-extremity amputation incidence (administrative data) | ||
Magán et al. (2011) [79] | Spain | adults (≥ 65 years) | hospitalisations due to ambulatory care sensitive conditions (hospital data) | ||
Pracht et al. (2011) [80] | USA | individuals in counties | rate of avoidable hospitalisations (hospital data) | ||
Hsia et al. (2011) [81] | USA | individuals treated in hospitals | proportion of patients leaving the ED without being seen (administrative data) | ||
Grillo et al. (2012) [82] | France | adults (≥ 18 years, women) | absence of cervical cancer screening (survey) | ||
Borda-Olivas et al. (2013) [83] | Spain | adults (> 65 years) | rate of avoidable hospitalisations (hospital data) | ||
Butler et al. (2013) [84] | Australia | children (0–4 years) | hospitalisations due to ambulatory care sensitive conditions (administrative data) | ||
Cavalieri (2013) [85] | Italy | adults (≥ 18 years) | having a self-reported unmet medical need (survey) | yes | |
Harrington et al. (2013) [86] | Canada | children, adults (> 12 years) | reporting difficulty accessing specialist care (survey) | yes | |
Rudge et al. (2013) [87] | UK | children (5–15 years), adults (≥ 15 years) | ED visits (administrative data) | yes | |
Tao et al. (2013) [88] | Canada | individuals in 47 major cities/towns in Ontario | cardiac surgery use (administrative data) | ||
Willems et al. (2013) [89] | Belgium | children, adults | use of out of hours care in ED rather than primary care (patient records) | ||
Mathison et al. (2013) [90] | USA | children (0–13 years) | non-urgent ED visits (administrative data) | ||
Blain et al. (2014) [91] | UK | children (0–14 years) | hospitalisations for pneumonia (administrative data) | ||
Basu / Mobley (2014) [92] | USA | adults (≥ 65 years) | hospitalisations due to ambulatory care sensitive conditions (hospital data) | ||
Kottwitz (2014) [93] | Germany | children (newborns) | likelihood for caesarean section (survey) | yes | |
Hunold et al. (2014) [94] | USA | adults (≥ 65 years) | ED visits (administrative data) | ||
White et al. (2014) [95] | UK | individuals with mental illnesses | rates of hospital admissions for severe mental illness (administrative data) | ||
Herrin et al. (2015) [96] | USA | adults (discharged with myocardial infarction, heart failure, or pneumonia) | hospital readmission rates (administrative data) | ||
Mercier et al. (2015) [97] | France | population | rate of avoidable hospitalisations (administrative data) | ||
Potentially avoidable use | Slaunwhite (2015) [98] | Canada | children, adults (≥ 15 years) | self-reported barriers to mental healthcare (survey) | yes |
Fisher-Owens et al. (2016) [99] | USA | children (2–17 years) | absence of a preventive dental visit (survey) | ||
Lee et al. (2016) [100] | USA | individuals in census tracts | ED visits (administrative data) | ||
Fusco et al. (2016) [101] | Italy | adults (≥ 18 years) | avoidable hospitalisations (administrative data) | ||
Sheringham et al. (2017) [102] | UK | individuals in administrative areas | hospitalisations due to ambulatory care sensitive conditions (administrative data) | ||
Chalmers (2017) [103] | USA | population of Maryland | ED discharges for dental/oral conditions (administrative data) | ||
Lines et al. (2017) [104] | USA | children, adults (enrollees with commercial insurance) | ED visits; ED visits due to ambulatory care sensitive conditions (administrative data) | ||
Noah (2017) [105] | USA | adults (women who had a live birth in 2008) | inadequate use of prenatal care index (administrative data) | ||
Alcala et al. (2018) [106] | USA | children (0–14 years) | avoidable asthma related hospitalisation; preventable asthma related ED visits (hospital data) | ||
Fishman et al. (2018) [107] | USA | adults (18–87 years) | ED visits for preventable conditions (hospital data) | ||
Schmidt et al. (2018) [108] | USA | adults (≥ 18 years) | avoidable ED visits, avoidable hospitalisations (administrative data) | ||
Collins et al. (2018) [109] | Australia | adults (women with breast cancer) | mastectomy rates vs. breast conserving surgery (administrative data) | ||
Maeda et al. (2018) [110] | Japan | adults (women) | caesarean section rates (administrative data) | ||
Carmeiro (2018) [111] | Portugal | individuals with hospitalisations in NHS hospitals | hospitalisations due to ambulatory care sensitive conditions (administrative data) | ||
Delgadillo et al. (2018) [112] | UK | individuals in 144 IAPT providers that covered 180 local areas | percentage of cases that did not receive psychological treatment (administrative data) | ||
Lavoie et al. (2018) [113] | Canada | individuals of First Nations living both on and off reserve | hospitalisations for mental health related ambulatory care sensitive conditions (administrative data) | ||
Or / Penneau (2018) [114] | France | adults (≥ 65 years) | ED visits (administrative data) | ||
Stracci et al. (2018) [115] | Italy | children, adults (< 80 years) | delivery of radiotherapy (administrative data) | ||
Gartner et al. (2018) [116] | USA | adults (18–44 years) | hysterectomy rates (administrative data) | ||
Daly et al. (2018) [117] | USA | adults (≥ 65 years) | avoidable hospitalisations (administrative data) | ||
Shoff et al. (2019) [118] | USA | individuals in U.S. counties | ED admissions (administrative data) | ||
Ranade et al. (2019) [119] | USA | adults (> 18 years) | ED visits for non-traumatic dental conditions (administrative data) | ||
Roy et al. (2019) [120] | USA | children, adults | all cause hospitalisation rates (administrative data) | ||
Jayasekera et al. (2019) [121] | USA | adults (≥ 70 years) | advanced prostate cancer diagnosis (administrative data) | ||
Coyle et al. (2019) [122] | UK | adults (≥ 18 years) | prevalence of uncontrolled hypertension (administrative data) | ||
Okuyama et al. (2019) [123] | Japan | children, adults (> 15 years) | risk of untreated hypertension (administrative data) | ||
Renner (2020) [124] | Austria | individuals in Austrian districts | hospitalisations for acute and ambulatory care sensitive conditions (administrative data) | ||
Carruth et al. (2006) [125] | USA | adults (≥ 18 years, women) | failure to obtain cervical cancer screening (survey) | ||
Curative service use | Maheswaran et al. (2003) [126] | UK | children, adults (15–84 years) | renal replacement therapy rates (haemodialysis; peritoneal dialysis; transplantation) (hospital data) | |
Woods et al. (2003) [127] | USA | children (< 5 years; ≥5 years) | number of healthcare visits (survey) | ||
Vanasse et al. (2005) [128] | Canada | adults (women / men, ≥ 65 years) | bone mineral density test use (administrative data) | ||
Chaix et al. (2005) [129] | France | adults (> 65 years) | specialists visits in relation to PCP visits (survey) | ||
Field / Briggs (2001) [130] | UK | children, adults (diabetics, asthmatics) | frequency of primary care use (survey) | ||
Cadarette et al. (2007) [131] | Canada | adults (65–89 years) | DXA testing; treatment (alendronate, etidronate, risedronate, calcitonin, and/or raloxifene) (survey) | ||
Judge et al. (2009) [132] | UK | adults (≥ 50 years) | hip/knee replacement rates (administrative data) | ||
Magner et al. (2009) [133] | USA | medicaid enrollees | carotid endarterectomy use (administrative data) | ||
Gage et al. (2009) [134] | UK | adults (cancer patients) | complementary and alternative medicine use (survey) | ||
Tonner et al. (2010) [135] | USA | adults (≥ 18 years) | self-reported number of physician visits for systemic lupus erythematosus (survey) | ||
Diaz-Granados et al. (2010) [136] | Canada | children, adults (≥ 15 years) | use of general practitioner/family physician services for mental healthcare; psychiatric services for mental health reasons (survey) | ||
Barner et al. (2010) [137] | USA | adults (≥ 18 years) | complementary and alternative medicine use (survey) | ||
Rubin et al. (2011) [138] | Denmark | adults (40–90 years) | use of DXA scanning (administrative data) | ||
Bronstein et al. (2011) [139] | USA | adults (mothers covered by Arkansas Medicaid) | likelihood of infant delivery at NICU (administrative data) | ||
Haroon et al. (2011) [140] | UK | children, adults (residents who received an antiviral drug for influenza-like illness) | antiviral collection rates (administrative data) | ||
Telleen et al. (2012) [141] | USA | children (4–8 years) | frequency of dental visits; continuity of care; initiation of care (survey) | ||
Judge et al. (2012) [142] | UK | adults (≥ 20 years) | rates of renal replacement therapy (administrative data) | ||
Ryvicker et al. (2012) [143] | USA | adults (60–99 years) | primary care visit use in past 12 months (survey) | yes | |
Goswami et al. (2012) [144] | USA | adults (> 17 years) | latent tuberculosis infection treatment initiation/completion (survey) | ||
Harrington et al. (2012) [145] | Canada | adults | realized access to PCPs (survey) | ||
Archibald / Rankin (2013) [146] | USA | individuals in U.S. counties | substance abuse disorder assessment, assessment of other mental health problems (survey) | ||
Cook et al. (2013) [147] | USA | adults (≥ 18 years) | mental health service use (survey) | ||
Schäfer et al. (2013) [148] | Germany | individuals in German counties | rates of hip/knee replacement (administrative data) | ||
Bocquier et al. (2013) [149] | France | adults (18–64 years) | new/long antidepressant treatment (administrative data) | ||
Lemstra et al. (2013) [150] | Canada | adults (with ischemic heart disease) | cardiac rehabilitation attendance (exercise component; completion) (administrative data) | yes | |
Neri et al. (2013) [151] | Italy | adults (≥ 18 years) | transplant waiting list activation (administrative data) | ||
Yasaitis et al. (2013) [152] | USA | medicare beneficiaries, cardiologists, and primary care physicians | outpatient visit rates (administrative data) | ||
Hadlock et al. (2013) [153] | Canada | adults (≥ 18 years) | open-access colonoscopy use (administrative data) | ||
Kopetsch / Schmitz (2014) [154] | Germany | individuals in German counties | number of GP/specialist/ physiotherapist consultations(administrative data) | ||
Chamberlain et al. (2014) [155] | USA | children (0–18 years) | inpatient use of pediatric cancer specialty centers (administrative data) | ||
Huang et al. (2014) [156] | USA | children, adults | use of high-volume hospitals for colorectal cancer (administrative data) | ||
Ozegowski / Sundmacher (2014) [157] | Germany | individuals in German districts | equity index (degree of disparity between need for and actual use of outpatient health services) (administrative data) | ||
Widdifield et al. (2014) [158] | Canada | adults (newly diagnosed patients with RA) | percentage of patients with incident rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with rheumatologist visit (administrative data) | ||
Alruwaily et al. (2015) [159] | USA | adults (> 17 years) | follow-up testing for nephrolithiasis (administrative data) | ||
Annequin et al. (2015) [160] | France | adults (30–79 years) | reimbursement of antidepressants, private psychiatrist visits (administrative data) | ||
Badley et al. (2015) [161] | Canada | adults (> 18 years) | physician visits for arthritis (survey) | ||
Pasnisinova et al. (2016) [162] | Czech Republic | adults (patients underwent heart transplantation) | Incidence of heart transplantation (administrative data) | ||
Chew et al. (2016) [163] | Australia | individuals in 61 Medicare locals | coronary angiography rate (administrative data) | ||
Doumouras et al. (2016) [164] | Canada | adults (≥ 18 years) | rates of bariatric surgery (hospital data) | ||
Okafor et al. (2016) [165] | USA | patients with inpatient colonoscopies | inpatient colorectal stent use (hospital data) | ||
Alvarez et al. (2017) [166] | USA | children (0–18 years) | use of pediatric cancer specialty center (administrative data) | ||
Kelly et al. (2017) [167] | UK | adults (women, born in Bradford cohort) | GP consultation rates (patient records) | ||
Doumouras et al. (2017) [168] | Canada | adults (≥ 18 years) | Rates of bariatric surgery (administrative data) | ||
Finley et al. (2017) [169] | USA | adults (veterans) | use of post-traumatic stress disorder care (administrative data) | ||
Jabo et al. (2017) [170] | USA | children, adults (≥ 15 years) | cancer-directed chemotherapy status; hematopoietic cell transplantation (administrative data) | ||
Rommel / Kroll (2017) [171] | Germany | adults (18–79 years) | physical therapy use (survey) | ||
Ruhnke et al. (2017) [172] | USA | individuals (enrolled with a lower gastrointestinal bleeding) | esophagogastroduodenoscopy use (administrative data) | ||
Cook et al. (2017) [173] | USA | adults (≥ 18 years) | initiation of mental healthcare; number of days of treatment during episode among those receiving any mental health treatment (survey) | ||
Abbas et al. (2017) [174] | Germany | children (0–17 years) | nondrug psychiatric/psychotherapeutic treatment use (administrative data) | ||
Walsh et al. (2017) [175] | USA | children (0–17 years) | lingual frenotomy use (hospital data) | ||
Greiner et al. (2018) [176] | Germany | adults (> 17 years) | doctor visits (survey) | ||
Johansson et al. (2018) [177] | Sweden | individuals in 21 Swedish regions (county councils) | primary care visits (administrative data) | ||
Viana et al. (2018) [178] | Portugal | adults (≥ 18 years) | referral and completion of cardiac rehabilitation program (survey) | ||
Régis et al. (2018) [179] | France | adults (≥ 17 years) | probability of breast reconstruction (administrative data) | ||
van der Goes et al. (2019) [180] | USA | adults (18–100 years) | specialist physician visits for dementia/epilepsy/MS/Parkinson’s (administrative data) | ||
Shah et al. (2019) [181] | USA | children (< 21 years) | rates of discharge with rehabilitative services (hospital data) | ||
Mixed service use | Sineshaw et al. (2020) [182] | USA | adults (≥ 35 years) | curative intent surgeries for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (administrative data) | |
Arcury et al. (2005) [183] | USA | adults (> 18 years) | healthcare visits for regular check-ups; healthcare visits for chronic care; healthcare visits for acute care (survey) | ||
Sørensen et al. (2009) [184] | Denmark | all inhabitants | referrals to outpatient hospital treatment; inpatient hospital treatment; referrals to private specialists (administrative data) | ||
Petrelli et al. (2010) [185] | Italy | population | hospitalisations; out-patient care use; pharmaceutical care use (administrative data) | ||
Guttmann et al. (2010) [186] | Canada | children (0–17 years) | hospitalisations due to ambulatory care sensitive conditions; ED visit; no preventative care visits; no primary care visits; no newborn visit; use for discretionary conditions (administrative data) | ||
Zulian et al. (2011) [187] | Italy | adults (≥ 14 years) | mental health services use in hospitals; mental health services use (administrative data) | ||
Sacerdote et al. (2012) [188] | Italy | adults (incident colorectal cancer patients) | postoperative in-hospital mortality; proportion of preoperative radiotherapy; proportion of abdominoperineal resection (hospital data) | ||
Bielefeldt (2013) [189] | USA | individuals in U.S. states | admissions for gastroparesis; endoscopies; gastrostomies; nutritional support (administrative data) | ||
Weeks et al. (2014) [190] | France | adults (45–99 years) | admissions for hip fracture; hip/knee replacement (hospital data) | ||
Eibich / Ziebarth (2014) [191] | Germany | adults (17–100 years) | hospital use; ambulatory doctor visits (survey) | ||
Gusmano et al. (2014) [192] | France | adults (> 20 years) | hospitalisations due to ambulatory care sensitive conditions; rates for revascularization – bypass surgery and angioplasty (administrative data) | ||
Arnaout et al. (2015) [193] | Canada | adults (> 19 years) | mastectomy vs. no mastectomy; contralateral prophylactic mastectomy vs. no contralateral prophylactic mastectomy; preoperative breast MRI use (administrative data) | ||
Posthumus et al. (2016) [194] | Netherlands | adults (> 20 years, singleton pregnancies) | labour in non-breech term and post-term pregnancies; referral during pregnancy from community midwife to obstetrician; elective caesarean section in term and post-term breech pregnancies; birth setting in low-risk pregnancies (administrative data) | ||
Rowe et al. (2016) [195] | USA | adults (≥ 18 years) | opioid overdose deaths; overdose reversals (administrative data) | ||
Klitkou et al. (2017) [196] | Norway | children (1–9 years) | hospital admissions; outpatient visits (administrative data) | ||
Packness et al. (2017) [197] | Denmark | adults (20–64 years) | mental healthcare use (psych. emergency clinic; admissions);mental healthcare use (outpatient psychiatrist; psychologist; GP) (administrative data) | yes |