Table 2 Summary of included studies- Mixed methods N = 9
| Â | Author | Year | Country | Setting | Aspect measured in the Patient Reported Experience measure: topics and relevant questions | Sample and population | Description of qualitative and quantitative data collection (i.e. survey) | Specific strategies employed to improve participation of CALD population | How were recruitment sites identified and examples of places | Evidence of effectiveness of strategy to increase CALD patient participation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 1. | Bains | 2021 | Norway | Hospital | Maternity care | N = 401 international migrant women, ≤ 5 years length of residency in Norway (giving birth in urban Oslo) answered the questionnaire (87.6% response rate) | Cross-sectional study Mixed methods: Face to face interviews and a modified version of the Migrant Friendly Maternity Care Questionnaire (MFMCQ) The original questionnaire was adapted to the health system setting of Norway and modified after inputs from pilot testing | • Eligible women were recruited either on admission for delivery or at the postnatal ward • Interviews conducted face to face in the women’s own language of choice after birth, using an interpreter when needed • Written translations of the questionnaire were provided in nine languages: Arabic, Dari, English, French, Norwegian, Somali, Sorani, Tigrinya and Urdu • Training workshops for all the research personnel. The interviewers met regularly to discuss challenges and experiences • The user representatives (from non-governmental organisations and relevant migrant communities) gave feedback on readability, validity and cultural sensitivity of the questionnaire before data collection. After data collection, preliminary findings were presented, and interpretations were discussed with user representatives | Interviews were conducted in the postnatal ward | Response rate (87.6% response rate) |
2. | Damery | 2019 | UK | Hospital | Mental health: Psychological difficulties (distress) in patients with end stage renal disease Specific questions included in the survey exploring the patient’s ethnicity | Survey sent to N = 3730 eligible patients Purposive sampling for the interviews: N = 46 Patients with end stage renal disease (ENDS) interviewed | Mixed methods: cross-sectional survey and semi -structured interviews | • Postal survey developed for the project and included some validated measures to assess aspects of distress and emotional adjustment • Questions included in the survey explored: socio-demographic and clinical information (age, gender, ethnicity, time since diagnosis) • Patients could involve a carer/ family member to complete the survey and this could be indicated on the survey | No specific information | Response rate 27/9% |
3. | Dang | 2017 | USA | Hospital | Patients’ experience with the mobile phone intervention for heart failure | N = 42 patients | Randomised control trial and longitudinal measurement at 1 month and 3 months Mixed methods: Patient interviews and survey | • A 31item survey was developed for the study • Multiple languages offered for the interviews: Spanish and English • Questions in the survey explored: sociodemographic information like age, gender, ethnicity | Patients recruited from the hospital | None reported |
 4. | Hyatt | 2018 | Australia | Hospital | Patients experience with a communication intervention package (comprising consultation audio-recordings and question prompt lists) especially designed for CALD patients | N = 18 patients completed the interview and N = 17 completed the survey | Randomised control trial Mixed methods: Patient interviews and surveys | • Consent to participate in the study was obtained in the patient’s predominant language | Patients recruited from the hospital | None reported |
 5. | Kaltman | 2016 | USA | Primary care | Mental health: Latina immigrants experience with a mental health intervention | Convenience sample of Latina immigrants (N = 28) with depression and/or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) for primary care clinics that serve the uninsured | Post-intervention data collection Mixed methods: survey and interviews | • Multiple languages: Interviews conducted in Spanish • Bilingual staff members conducted the interviews and the analysis • $20 and $30 gift cards | The intervention was conducted at a community primary care clinic in an area that serves low-income, uninsured patients, many of whom are Latino immigrants Recruitment was done via posted flyer, referral by clinic staff, and outreach screening in the waiting room | None reported |
 6. | Liu | 2017 | USA | Hospital | Maternity care: Birth experience of immigrant women with an intervention designed for prenatal care | N = 39 Spanish women | Post-intervention data collection Mixed methods: Interviews and surveys | • Bilingual staff members conducted the interviews • Demographic information collected in the survey | Patients recruited from the hospitals | None reported |
 7. | McBride | 2017 | Australia | Community care | Patients experience with an integrated healthcare service for asylum seekers and refugees | Purposive sampling (N = 18) participated in the interviews and (N = 159) completed the surveys | Patient experience Mixed methods: Interviews and survey | • Bicultural workers with experience in cross-cultural research were involved throughout each stage of the project, including methodology design, the development of survey tools and interview guides, recruitment, and data collection • Participant Information and Consent Forms were available in community languages • Multiple languages- interviews conducted in the patient’s preferred language | Interviews were conducted in a private room at Monash Health and were digitally recorded with permission from participants. Interviews were conducted in participants’ chosen language, and accredited interpreters were used Clients discharged attended a discharge information session. This meeting was used to administer a client feedback survey with consenting clients | None reported |
 8. | Mendoza | 2018 | USA | Community setting | Integrated care: Healthcare experience | N = 419 Latina women immigrants is associated with satisfaction with health care | Mixed: Qualitative interviews and surveys | • A structured face-to-face interview conducted in Spanish, either in the respondent's home or a community-based site, based on the participant's preference • Respondents received $20 cash for their participation • Details on study procedures provided in Spanish • Spanish language translation methods of measures like Social mobility measures and satisfaction with care (the medical mistrust and acculturation scales already had a Spanish versions) | Participants were recruited from various community sites in New York City, and by flyers posted in designated areas in the target communities (e.g., apartment buildings and community-based agencies and service facilities) | None |
 9. | Torres | 2020 | USA | Community setting | Health intervention to reduce unhealthy alcohol use in Latino immigrant men | N = 73 completed the survey and N = 20 completed the in-depth interview | Randomised control trial Mixed methods: in depth interviews and surveys (pre and post-test) | • Study participants received $30 for each survey and interview completed • Demographic information of the participants was collected in the survey • All surveys were interviewer administered by a promotor | Participants in study were recruited from a community-based organization serving Latino immigrants in Seattle, WA. The organization served as a day labor worker center, and therefore many Latino immigrant men came to the organization seeking employment each day | None reported |