Table 1 Characteristics of included studies
Author(s) Year | Title of paper | Country | Study design | Type of data-analytic techniques and methods | Sample size (n) | Gender (Female (%)/ Male (%)/ Other (%) | Type of social disadvantage | Type of CMD | Evidence of intersectionality relevant to gender reported (Yes/ No) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[31] | Ageing, social class and common mental disorders: longitudinal evidence from three cohorts in the West of Scotland | Scotland | Cohort study | Statistical interactions (Hierarchical repeated-measures models) | 4510 respondents | Male and female, but the distribution is not specified | • Age • socio-economic status | Anxiety depression | Yes Gender and social class |
[39] | Educational inequalities in mental disorders in the Czech Republic: data from CZEch Mental health Study (CZEMS) | Czech Republic | Cross-sectional study | Statistical interactions | 3175 respondents | Male (46%) and female (54%) | • Educational attainment • Gender • Age group • Socio-economic status • Health status | Affective disorders Anxiety disorders Alcohol use disorders Substance use disorders | No (There was only an interaction effect between gender and education for substance misuse, but this is not included in the list of common mental disorders in this study) |
[35] | Decomposing socioeconomic inequality in poor mental health among iranian adult population: results from the PERSIAN Cohort study | Iran | Cohort study | Statistical interactions | 131,813 participants | Male (45%) and female (55%) | • Socioeconomic status • Age group • Physical activity • Gender • Region of residence | Poor mental health | Yes Gender and SES Gender and age Gender and place of residence |
[30] | Triple jeopardy? Mental health at the intersection of gender, race, and class | USA | Cross-sectional study | Statistical interactions | 7185 respondents | Male (50%) and female (50%) | • Gender • Race • Education | Depression Anti-social problems | No |
[36] | Exploring the social determinants of mental health service use using intersectionality theory and CART analysis | Canada | Cohort study | Statistical interactions | 1213 | Male and female, but the distribution is not specified | • Place of residence • Gender • Education • Socioeconomic status | Depression Social anxiety Panic disorder Phobias Bipolar disorder Substance abuse Agoraphobia | Yes Gender and income |
[32] | Social class and gender patterning of Insomnia symptoms and psychiatric distress: a 20-year prospective cohort study | Scotland | Cohort study | Statistical interactions | 999 | Female: (54.3%) Male: (45.7%) | • Occupation • Gender • Socioeconomic status | Insomnia and Psychiatric distress were determined using the twelve-item General Health Questionnaire | No |
[37] | Meddling with middle modalities: a decomposition approach to mental health inequalities between intersectional gender and middle economic groups in northern Sweden | Sweden | Cross-sectional studies | Mediation decomposition analysis | 25585 | Female: (46%) Male: (54%) | • Gender • Education • Socioeconomic status | Mental health symptoms were assessed using the General Health Questionnaire -12 (GHQ-12) | Yes Gender and income |
[28] | Social Ties and depression: An intersectional examination of black and white community-dwelling older adults | United States of America | Cross-sectional studies | Statistical interactions | 10441 | Female: (59%) Male: (41%) | • Race • Ethnicity • Culture • Gender • Socioeconomic status | Depression | Yes Gender and race |
[34] | Social inequalities in the prevalence of common mental disorders in adults: a population-based Study in Southern Brazil | Brazil | Cross-sectional studies | Statistical interactions | 1720 | Female (55.5%) Male (44.5%) | • Race • Gender • Education • Socioeconomic status | CMD: common mental disorder | No |
[33] | Socio-economic status over the life course & depressive symptoms in men & women in eastern Europe | Russia, Poland & Czech Republic | Cohort study | Statistical interactions | 25635 | Female: (47%) Male:(forty-two%) | • Place of residence • Gender • Education • Socioeconomic status | CMD: common mental disorder | Yes Gender and SES |
[29] | Income inequality among American states and the incidence of major depression | United States of America | Longitudinal study | Multilevel modelling | 34653 | Female: (52.1%) Male (47.9%) | • Place of residence • Race • Ethnicity • Gender • Social capital | Depression | Yes |
[38] | Socioeconomic status, standard of living, and neurotic disorder | United Kingdom | Cross-sectional studies | Statistical interactions | 9570 | Female (54%) Male: (47%) | • Occupation • Gender • Education • Socioeconomic status • Social capital | CMD: common mental disorder | Yes Gender and Social Class |