Table 1 Descriptive analysis of catastrophic health expenditure among older adults in Shandong, China, 2018 (N = 8599)

Gender

 Male

4,152 (48.3)

1,687 (40.6)

2,465 (59.4)

 Female

4,447 (51.7)

1,709 (38.4)

2,738 (61.6)

Age, mean (SD)

68.53 ± 6.75

68.06 ± 6.72

69.62 ± 6.69

Marital status

 Married

7,227 (84.0)

2,797 (38.7)

4,430 (61.3)

 Unmarried or others ^a

1,372 (16.0)

599 (43.7)

773 (56.3)

Region

 Urban areas

4,187 (48.7)

1,833 (43.8)

2,354(56.2)

 Rural areas

4,412(51.3)

1,563 (35.4)

2,849 (64.6)

Education

 Illiterate

2,647 (30.8)

872 (32.9)

1,775 (67.1)

 Primary school

2,795 (32.5)

1,127 (40.3)

1,668 (59.7)

 Middle school or above

3,157 (36.7)

1,397 (44.3)

1,760 (55.7)

Employment status

 Unemployed

6,062 (70.5)

2,306 (38.0)

3,756 (62.0)

 Employed

2,537 (29.5)

1,090 (43.0)

1,447 (57.0)

Number of chronic diseases

 0

3,856 (44.8)

1,880 (48.8)

1,976 (51.2)

 1

2,996 (34.8)

1,033 (34.5)

1,963 (65.5)

 ≥ 2

1,747 (20.3)

483 (27.6)

1,264 (72.4)

Exercise

 No

4,537 (52.8)

1,684 (37.1)

2,853 (62.9)

 Yes

4,062 (47.2)

1,712 (42.1)

2,350 (57.9)

Smoking status ^b

 No

6,907 (80.3)

2,663 (38.6)

4,244 (61.4)

 Yes

1,692 (19.7)

733 (43.3)

959 (56.7)

Alcohol drinking ^c

 No

6,548 (76.1)

2,441 (37.3)

4,107 (62.7)

 Yes

2,051 (23.9)

955 (46.6)

1,096 (53.4)

Physical disability

 No

7,330 (85.2)

3,056 (41.7)

4,274 (58.3)

 Yes

1,212 (14.1)

313 (25.8)

899 (74.2)

Body mass index

 < 18.5

491 (5.7)

170 (34.6)

321 (65.4)

 18.5 ~ 24.0

3,839 (44.6)

1,480 (38.6)

2,359 (61.4)

 24.0 ~ 28.0

3,124 (36.3)

1,303 (41.7)

1,821 (58.3)

 ≥ 28.0

1,145 (13.3)

443 (38.7)

702 (61.3)

Physical examination ^d

 No

2,395 (27.9)

1,062 (44.3)

1,333 (55.7)

 Yes

6,204 (72.1)

2,334 (37.6)

3,870 (62.4)

Basic medical insurance

 No

93 (1.1)

37 (39.8)

56 (60.2)

 Yes

8,506 (98.9)

3,359 (39.5)

5,147 (60.5)

Critical illness insurance

 No

2,852 (33.2)

1,237 (43.4)

1,615 (56.6)

 Yes

5,747 (66.8)

2,159 (37.6)

3,588 (62.4)

Commercial medical insurance

 No

8,139 (94.7)

3,201 (39.3)

4,938 (60.7)

 Yes

460 (5.3)

195 (42.4)

265 (57.6)

Caregivers

 Spouse or others

4,662 (54.2)

1,846 (39.6)

2,816 (60.4)

 Older people’s adult children

3,937 (45.8)

1,550 (39.4)

2,387 (60.6)