From: Inequality in healthcare use among older people in Colombia
 | Total sample N = 23,694 | Insured n = 23,152 | Uninsured n = 518 | P value¬ | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | n | % | n | % | n | % | Â |
Predisposing factors | |||||||
 Age | |||||||
  60–65 | 9010 | 38.03 | 8695 | 37.55 | 306 | 59.12 | < 0.001 |
  66–70 | 5268 | 22.23 | 5176 | 22.36 | 87 | 16.81 | |
  71–75 | 3943 | 16.64 | 3891 | 16.81 | 48 | 9.29 | |
  76–80 | 2814 | 11.88 | 2772 | 11.97 | 39 | 7.54 | |
  80+ | 2659 | 11.22 | 2619 | 11.31 | 37 | 7.24 | |
 Male | 10,776 | 45.48 | 10,457 | 45.17 | 308 | 59.49 | < 0.001 |
 Marital statusa | 12,392 | 52.32 | 12,180 | 52.61 | 205 | 39.63 | < 0.001 |
 Educationa |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  No formal education | 3919 | 16.61 | 3776 | 16.37 | 139 | 26.99 | < 0.001 |
  Primary school | 12,599 | 53.39 | 12,353 | 53.57 | 232 | 45.15 | |
  Secondary school | 4521 | 19.15 | 4395 | 19.06 | 121 | 23.44 | |
  Technical or higher | 2562 | 10.85 | 2536 | 11.00 | 23 | 4.42 | |
 Ethnicitya | 3736 | 20.95 | 3625 | 20.76 | 107 | 29.52 | 0.037 |
 Displacementa | 3631 | 15.33 | 3521 | 15.21 | 107 | 20.61 | 0.270 |
Socioeconomic factors | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Wealth quintile |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Poorest | 4739 | 20.00 | 4527 | 19.55 | 207 | 40.03 | < 0.001 |
  2nd poorest | 4739 | 20.00 | 4616 | 19.94 | 118 | 22.85 | |
  Middle | 4738 | 20.00 | 4653 | 20.10 | 81 | 15.63 | |
  2nd richest | 4739 | 20.00 | 4661 | 20.13 | 74 | 14.20 | |
  Richest | 4738 | 20.00 | 4696 | 20.28 | 38 | 7.29 | |
 Geographic region in Colombia |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Bogota | 4032 | 17.02 | 3970 | 17.15 | 58 | 11.15 | 0.028 |
  East | 4248 | 17.93 | 4109 | 17.75 | 135 | 26.02 | |
  Orinoquia and Amazon | 328 | 1.38 | 310 | 1.34 | 17 | 3.37 | |
  Atlantic | 4527 | 19.11 | 4392 | 18.97 | 130 | 25.19 | |
  Central | 6400 | 27.01 | 6313 | 27.27 | 80 | 15.51 | |
  Pacific | 4160 | 17.56 | 4059 | 17.53 | 97 | 18.75 | |
 Urban | 18,524 | 78.18 | 18,141 | 78.35 | 365 | 70.40 | < 0.001 |
 Type of health insurancea |  |  |  |  |  |  | NA |
  Uninsured | 518 | 2.19 | NA | NA | |||
  Subsidized | 11,104 | 46.91 | NA | NA | |||
  Contributory | 11,574 | 48.90 | NA | NA | |||
  Special | 474 | 2.00 | NA | NA | |||
 Receives a pensiona | 6754 | 28.52 | 6741 | 29.12 | 10 | 1.90 | < 0.001 |
Need factors | |||||||
 Multimorbiditya | |||||||
  No diseases | 5659 | 24.27 | 5440 | 23.88 | 211 | 42.07 | < 0.001 |
  1 disease | 7017 | 30.10 | 6885 | 30.22 | 124 | 24.70 | |
  Multimorbid (2 diseases or more) | 10,637 | 45.63 | 10,457 | 45.90 | 167 | 33.23 | |
 Self-rated healtha | 9741 | 51.27 | 9527 | 51.24 | 209 | 52.56 | 0.020 |
 Barthel Index (dependency) | |||||||
  Independent | 18,666 | 78.78 | 18,223 | 78.71 | 423 | 81.74 | 0.005 |
  Mild dependency | 2249 | 9.49 | 2213 | 9.56 | 34 | 6.60 | |
  Moderate to severe dependency | 2616 | 11.04 | 2554 | 11.03 | 59 | 11.40 | |
  Total dependency | 163 | 0.69 | 162 | 0.70 | 1 | 0.25 | |
 Walking impairmenta | |||||||
  No impairment | 15,835 | 66.90 | 15,422 | 66.68 | 398 | 76.89 | < 0.001 |
  Mild difficulty | 3503 | 14.80 | 3435 | 14.85 | 65 | 12.59 | |
  Somewhat/Very difficult | 4332 | 18.30 | 4274 | 18.48 | 54 | 10.52 | |
 Walking helpa | 19,896 | 84.48 | 19,411 | 84.35 | 465 | 90.38 | 0.001 |
 Amputation | 486 | 2.05 | 476 | 2.06 | 9 | 1.75 | 0.719 |