Table 4 Age-specific maternal education gradients in early childhood health
From: Socioeconomic gradients in early childhood health: evidence from Bangladesh and Nepal
Bangladesh | Nepal | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | |
HAZ | HAZ | WAZ | WAZ | HAZ | HAZ | WAZ | WAZ | |
Age 0–11M × Mothers with Sec.Educ. | 0.003 | –0.038 | 0.186*** | 0.168** | 0.106 | 0.092 | 0.240* | 0.232 |
(0.086) | (0.086) | (0.067) | (0.068) | (0.167) | (0.171) | (0.140) | (0.141) | |
Age 12–35M × Mothers with Sec.Educ. | 0.139** | 0.095 | 0.268*** | 0.247*** | 0.247** | 0.225* | 0.277*** | 0.266** |
(0.066) | (0.065) | (0.053) | (0.054) | (0.124) | (0.126) | (0.104) | (0.104) | |
Age 36–59M × Mothers with Sec.Educ. | 0.122** | 0.079 | 0.078* | 0.060 | 0.089 | 0.063 | 0.201** | 0.182* |
(0.052) | (0.055) | (0.047) | (0.049) | (0.103) | (0.110) | (0.097) | (0.098) | |
Child specific controls | ||||||||
Child’s age | ||||||||
Age 0–11 M (Reference) | ||||||||
Age 12–35 M | –1.073*** | –1.067*** | –0.604*** | –0.600*** | –0.996*** | –0.992*** | –0.351*** | –0.349*** |
(0.070) | (0.070) | (0.057) | (0.057) | (0.104) | (0.109) | (0.098) | (0.100) | |
Age 36–59 M | –1.052*** | –1.048*** | –0.738*** | –0.737*** | –1.094*** | –1.089*** | –0.447*** | –0.439*** |
(0.069) | (0.069) | (0.053) | (0.053) | (0.107) | (0.107) | (0.101) | (0.101) | |
Male | –0.007 | –0.005 | 0.050* | 0.052* | –0.040 | –0.048 | –0.059 | –0.063 |
(0.034) | (0.034) | (0.027) | (0.027) | (0.059) | (0.059) | (0.048) | (0.048) | |
Birth size | –0.345*** | –0.342*** | –0.454*** | –0.452*** | –0.344*** | –0.328*** | –0.420*** | –0.413*** |
(0.046) | (0.046) | (0.037) | (0.037) | (0.081) | (0.078) | (0.055) | (0.054) | |
Birth order | –0.109*** | –0.103*** | –0.070*** | –0.068*** | –0.052* | –0.050* | –0.090*** | –0.089*** |
(0.021) | (0.021) | (0.017) | (0.017) | (0.031) | (0.030) | (0.026) | (0.025) | |
Maternal controls | ||||||||
Mother’s age | 0.031*** | 0.031*** | 0.017*** | 0.016*** | 0.018 | 0.016 | 0.017* | 0.016* |
(0.006) | (0.006) | (0.005) | (0.005) | (0.012) | (0.011) | (0.009) | (0.009) | |
Mother’s height | 0.056*** | 0.056*** | 0.058*** | 0.057*** | ||||
(0.003) | (0.003) | (0.006) | (0.007) | |||||
Mother’s BMI | 0.062*** | 0.062*** | 0.069*** | 0.068*** | ||||
(0.005) | (0.005) | (0.010) | (0.010) | |||||
Paternal controls | ||||||||
Father’s age | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.000 | –0.011 | –0.009 | –0.005 | –0.003 |
(0.003) | (0.003) | (0.003) | (0.003) | (0.008) | (0.008) | (0.006) | (0.006) | |
Father’s education | ||||||||
No education (Reference) | ||||||||
Primary education | –0.044 | –0.054 | 0.082 | 0.064 | ||||
(0.048) | (0.041) | (0.126) | (0.099) | |||||
Secondary education | 0.129** | 0.046 | 0.118 | 0.084 | ||||
(0.057) | (0.044) | (0.125) | (0.097) | |||||
Household characteristics | ||||||||
Household wealth status | ||||||||
Richest | 0.736*** | 0.677*** | 0.496*** | 0.472*** | 0.537*** | 0.506*** | 0.264** | 0.243** |
(0.075) | (0.079) | (0.062) | (0.064) | (0.131) | (0.130) | (0.114) | (0.118) | |
Richer | 0.395*** | 0.355*** | 0.256*** | 0.242*** | 0.502*** | 0.472*** | 0.243*** | 0.220** |
(0.063) | (0.067) | (0.056) | (0.057) | (0.121) | (0.118) | (0.093) | (0.100) | |
Middle | 0.287*** | 0.262*** | 0.182*** | 0.174*** | 0.364*** | 0.352*** | 0.051 | 0.041 |
(0.059) | (0.060) | (0.045) | (0.045) | (0.115) | (0.113) | (0.085) | (0.086) | |
Poorer | 0.178*** | 0.171*** | 0.109** | 0.109** | 0.126 | 0.138 | -0.075 | -0.074 |
(0.055) | (0.055) | (0.044) | (0.044) | (0.120) | (0.121) | (0.090) | (0.092) | |
Poorest (Reference) | ||||||||
Log (Household Size) | –0.043 | –0.051 | –0.001 | –0.006 | –0.009 | –0.004 | –0.029 | –0.028 |
(0.045) | (0.045) | (0.040) | (0.040) | (0.096) | (0.098) | (0.065) | (0.066) | |
Rural | 0.043 | 0.038 | 0.028 | 0.025 | -0.227** | -0.230** | -0.030 | -0.029 |
(0.052) | (0.052) | (0.046) | (0.046) | (0.106) | (0.106) | (0.079) | (0.079) | |
Religion | –0.136** | –0.128** | –0.129** | –0.124** | –0.177* | –0.175* | –0.190*** | –0.191*** |
(0.062) | (0.062) | (0.055) | (0.055) | (0.100) | (0.102) | (0.067) | (0.068) | |
Weighted Sample Size | 7508 | 7505 | 7508 | 7504 | 2352 | 2342 | 2349 | 2339 |
R-squared | 0.206 | 0.208 | 0.202 | 0.203 | 0.223 | 0.221 | 0.186 | 0.185 |
F | 56.845 | 52.922 | 51.842 | 47.706 | 26.393 | 22.717 | 15.362 | 14.045 |
Mean VIF | 2.34 | 2.34 | 2.36 | 2.36 | 1.84 | 1.89 | 1.85 | 1.90 |