Health inequality in the Russian Federation: An examination of the changes in concentration and achievement indices from 1994 to 2013

Paul, Pavitra; Valtonen, Hannu

doi:10.1186/s12939-016-0325-9

International Journal for Equity in Health

Table 1 Descriptive statistics

From: Health inequality in the Russian Federation: An examination of the changes in concentration and achievement indices from 1994 to 2013

	2013 (N = 1496)	1994 (N = 1496)	RLMS data - 1994 (N = 8893)	Test of independence (between the datasets - 1994 and extracted sample)
Variables	2013 (N = 1496)	1994 (N = 1496)	RLMS data - 1994 (N = 8893)
Age group (in years)
<30		24.53	28.8
31- 44		37.83	25.97
45 - 60		29.75	21.7
61 - 74		7.69	17.32
75+		0.2	6.21
				χ ², [p-value = 0.000]
Age group (in years) by gender		Female (%)	Female (%)
<30		60.76	52.18
31- 44		61.84	52.75
45 - 60		71.69	56.15
61 - 74		70.43	61.92
75+		100.0	78.35
Total		65.24	56.14
				χ ², [p-value = 0.000]
Settlement of residence (%)
Urban	51.27	52.11	69.32	χ ², [p-value = 0.000]
Self-perceived (self-assessed) health (%)
Very Good	0.61	1.54	1.93
Good	17.26	23.04	23.4
Average	57.13	62.89	54.44
Bad	21.94	10.98	16.52
Very bad	3.06	1.54	3.7
				χ ², [p-value = 0.000]
Diagnosed Chronic disease^a (%)	16.38	7.29	8.46	χ ², [p-value = 0.000]
Satisfaction with life^b (%)	72.47	31.18	35.40	χ ², [p-value = 0.000]
Adult equivalent household income (Rb. per month inflation adjusted at the level of June 1992)
Mean	7610	4110	5410
Median	6880	3220	3760
				t-test [p-value = 0.000]
Ownership of assets (%)
Tractor	4.88	2.08	1.26	χ ², [p-value = 0.002]
Motorvehicle	25.30	26.54	25.46	χ ², [p-value = 0.296]
Country house (dacha)	18.65	12.03	13.87	χ ², [p-value = 0.024]
Own house	93.65	83.87	87.88	χ ², [p-value = 0.000]
Addl. Appartment	5.08	2.61	4.36	χ ², [p-value = 0.000]
Living condition (% of respondents with access to public services utilities)
Central heating	52.44	55.78	71.28	χ ², [p-value = 0.000]
Hot water supply	47.86	42.63	57.45	χ ², [p-value = 0.000]
Cooking gas	71.05	64.03	75.18	χ ², [p-value = 0.000]
Central garbage disposal	55.72	52.16	67.11	χ ², [p-value = 0.000]
Other indicators of economic status (%)
Grow crops (incl. growing vegetables in house lawns and rented lands)	92.86	98.5	96.29	χ ², [p-value = 0.000]
Having savings^c	18.13	8.63	10.79	χ ², [p-value = 0.003]
SES quintile^d (%)
Poorest	20.10	20.06	20.06
2nd poorest	19.94	20.05	19.97
Middle	20.01	20.06	19.99
2nd richest	20.01	20.05	20.06
Richest	19.94	19.78	19.92

^aDiagnosed with and or suffered from Diabetes, heart attack, stroke and anaemia
^bResponse to the question: ’to what extent are you satisfied with your life in general at the present time? ’[1 = fully satisfied, rather satisfied and both yes and no; 0 = less than satisfied and not at all satisfied]
^cResponse to the question: ‘did your family in the last 30 days save any money?’
^dDistribution of respondents in quintiles based the constructed socioeconomic strata

Back to article page

ISSN: 1475-9276

Contact us

General enquiries: journalsubmissions@springernature.com