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Table 3 Determinants of CHE based on proportionality of income approach

From: Catastrophic health expenditure and its determinants in Kenya slum communities

 

Model 2

Variable (N = 8171)

5%

10%

Round:

  

  Round 4 (Ref)

  

  Round 5

1.37 a(0.16b)**

1.27 (0.17)*

  Round 6

1.49(0.19)***

1.33(0.19)**

  Round 7

1.27(0.16)*

1.20(0.16)

Slums:

  

  Viwandani (Ref)

  

  Korogocho

0.41(0.04)***

0.30(0.03)***

  Dandora

0.49(0.07)***

0.36(0.06)***

  Mukuru

0.98(0.08)

0.76(0.07)***

  Obunga

1.57(0.15)***

1.52(0.15)***

  Nyalenda

1.40(0.12)***

1.17(0.11)*

Income:

  

  Lower tertile (Ref)

  

  Middle tertile

..

..

  Top tertile

..

..

Expenditure:

  

  Lower tertile (Ref)

  

  Middle tertile

1.14(0.08)*

1.12(0.08)

  Top tertile

1.65(0.12)***

1.48(0.12)***

Livelihood:

  

  Petty trade, casual (Ref)

  

  Formal labor

0.99(0.07)

1.05(0.08)

  Own business

0.91(0.07)

1.02(0.09)

Gender of bread winner:

  

  Male

1.11(0.07)*

0.93(0.06)

Working adult in household

0.41(0.03)***

0.33(0.03)***

Child under 5 years

1.33(0.08)***

1.38(0.09)***

Age of main income earner:

  

  Age < =35 (Ref)

  

  35 < Age < =55

1.05(0.07)

1.07(0.8)

  Age >55

1.36(0.18)**

1.57(0.22)***

Duration of stay in slum (years)

1.01(0.003)***

1.01(0.004)***

Safety net

0.78(0.05)***

0.78(0.05)***

Shocks

0.94(0.07)

0.93(0.08)

Type of illness:

  

  Other (Ref)

  

  Diarrhea

0.97(0.11)

0.97(0.12)

  Fever

0.95(0.08)

0.94(0.09)

  Cough

0.88(0.08)

0.90(0.09)

  Headache

0.99(0.09)

0.95(0.09)

  Vomiting

1.32(0.16)**

1.24(0.17)

  Seizure

1.51(0.49)

1.02(0.36)

  Difficult breathing

1.12(0.16)

1.16(0.19)

  Measles

1.14(0.31)

1.20(0.33)

  Injury

1.43(0.29)*

1.57(0.35)**

Care sought for illness:

  

  No ill person/no care sought (Ref)

  

  Ill/no care sought

1.17(0.16)

1.05(0.16)

  Ill/care sought

1.43(0.12)***

1.22(0.11)**

Place where care was sought:

  

  Other (Ref)

  

  Public hospital

2.32(0.27)***

2.05(0.25)***

  Public clinic

1.08(0.14)

0.78(0.12)*

  Private hospital

2.31(0.43)***

1.86(0.37)***

  Private clinic

1.51(0.23)***

1.27(0.22)

  Mission hospital

2.59(1.03)**

2.37(1.00)**

  Mission clinic

1.19(0.29)

0.95(0.28)

  1. Notes: Dependent variable =1 if the household experienced catastrophic health expenditure. (a) reports the odds ratio. (b) reports the standard error. *, **, *** indicate significance at 10, 5 and 1% level respectively. Model 2: CHE is based on OOP as a proportion of household income.
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International Journal for Equity in Health

ISSN: 1475-9276

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