Social inequalities in patient-reported outcomes among older multimorbid patients – results of the MultiCare cohort study

Table 5 Association between socioeconomic status (SES) and change in patient-reported outcomes (self-rated health, functional status and health related quality of life) between baseline and follow - up after 15 months: multilevel mixed-effects linear regression

	Model 1			Model 2				Model 3
	β	95% CI	p	β	95% CI	p	Change ¹	β	95% CI	p	Change ¹
Self-rated health
Income²	*2.81*	*1.37* - *4.24*	*<0.001*	*2.18*	*0.76* - *3.59*	*0.003*	− 22.4%*	*2.16*	*0.76-3.56*	*0.003*	− 23.1%*
Education³	0.02	−0.64-0.70	0.944	0.06	−0.60-0.73	0.846		−0.08	−0.74-0.58	0.822
Occupation⁴	0.21	−0.40-0.83	0.504	0.03	−0.57-0.64	0.911		0.05	−0.55-0.66	0.861
Functional status
Income²	*1.31*	*0.40* - *2.23*	*0.005*	*0.98*	*0.08* - *1.87*	*0.032*	−25.2%*	*0.96*	*0.09* - *1.84*	*0.031*	− 26.7%*
Education³	0.09	−0.33-0.52	0.671	0.13	−0.28-0.55	0.535		0.06	−0.35-0.47	0.783
Occupation⁴	0.11	−0.58-1.00	0.598	−0.01	−0.40-0.37	0.949		0.03	−0.35-0.41	0.884
Health related quality of life
Income²	*2.67*	*1.24* - *4.10*	*<0.001*	*2.20*	*0.80* - *3.59*	*0.002*	− *17.* 6%*	*2.09*	*0.72* - *3.46*	*0.003*	− 21.7%*
Education³	0.13	−0.55-0.81	0.709	0.14	−0.52-0.80	0.681		0.04	−0.61-0.69	0.899
Occupation⁴	0.26	−0.36-0.88	0.408	0.05	−0.55-0.65	0.874		0.07	−0.52-0.67	0.804

Model 1: baseline-adjusted and controlled for age, gender and all other SES indicators; Model 2: Model 1 + diseases; Model 3: Model 1 + disease severity scores.
*Statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05) increase in model fit (Likelihood-ratio test) compared to Model 1.
¹Percentage change in coefficient (Model 1 compared separately at a time with Model 2 and Model 3), percentage change is displayed when coefficient is statistically significant in Model 1 (p ≤ 0.05); ²β refers to one step on the logarithmic scale of the variable ranging from 4.2 to 9.1; ³β refers to two steps on the scale of variable ranging from 1 to 9; ⁴β refers to one step on the scale of variable ranging from 1 to 5.
95% CI: 95% confidence interval; significant associations (p ≤ 0.05) are italicized and bold.

ISSN: 1475-9276