What impact do prescription drug charges have on efficiency and equity? Evidence from high-income countries

Table 7 The impact of prescription drug charges on the use of generic or reference-priced drugs

Variable	Use of generics	Use of other substitutes	Studies
Co-payment	N/A	+	Esposito¹ [45] (US, OS, CD, R)
Multi-tier formulary (vs. 1- or 2-tiers)	0	+	Huskamp et al. [125] (US, NS, CD, R); Motheral and Fairman [28] (US, NS, CD, R)
Multi-tier formulary (vs. 1- or 2-tiers)	0	N/A	Gibson et al. [90] (US, NS, PD, R); Motheral and Henderson [63] (US, NS, CD, R)
Multi-tier formulary (vs. 1- or 2-tiers)	N/A	+	Kamal-Bahl and Briesacher [91] (US, OS, CD, R); Landsman et al. [65] (US, NS, TD, R);
Co-insurance	0	N/A	Liebowitz et al. [48] (US, ES, CD, R); Newhouse [49] (US, ES, CD, R)
Mixed system	+	N/A	Hong and Shepherd [46] (US, OS, CD, NR); Mortimer [47] (US, OS, CD, R)
Reference pricing (non-RP drugs)	+	N/A	Marshall et al. [42] (CA, NS, TD, R); McManus et al. [43] (AU, NS, TD, R); Narine et al. [44] (CA, NS, TD, NR)
Reference pricing (non-RP drugs)	N/A	+	Mabasa and Ma [39] (CA, NS, CS, NR)

Country: AU = Australia; CA = Canada; US = United States
Type of study: ES = experimental study; NS = natural study; OS = observational study
Type of data analyzed: CD = cross-sectional data; TD = time-series data; PD = panel data
Type of statistical analysis used: R = regression techniques; NR = no regression techniques

ISSN: 1475-9276