Table 5 The impact of prescription drug charges on patients' out-of-pocket expenditure on prescription drugs
Variable | Out-of-pocket expenses | Studies |
|---|---|---|
Co-payment | + | Stuart and Zacker [123] (US, OS, CD, R) |
Co-payment | 0 | Lurk et al. [27] (US, NS, CD, R) |
Multi-tier formulary (vs. 1- or 2-tiers) | + | Huskamp et al. [124] (US, NS, CD, R); Huskamp et al. [125] (US, NS, CD, R); Kamal-Bahl and Briesacher [91] (US, OS, CD, R) |
Reference pricing | + | Grootendorst et al. [101] (CA, NS, TD, R) |
Insurance coverage | Â | Â |
   Supplementary (vs. none) | - | Alan et al. [69] (CA, OS, CD, R); Alan et al. [68] (CA, OS, CD, R); Alan et al. [126] (CA, OS, CD, R); Blustein [127] (US, OS, CD, R); Federman et al. [114] (US, OS, CD, R) |
   Reimbursement limit | + | Tseng et al. [128] (US, OS, CD, NR) |