Table 1 Descriptive statistics

Panel A: Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital

(N = 960)

(N = 134)

(N = 849)

Patient age

55.60

12.89

49.91

12.18

56.52

12.78

-6.61

[-8.93 - -4.29]

Female

0.43

0.28

0.46

0.60

[0.45 - 0.80]

< High School

0.58

0.61

0.57

1.07

[0.92 - 1.24]

Insured

0.20

0.19

0.21

0.91

[0.62 - 1.32]

Semi-insured

0.44

0.42

0.44

0.95

[0.77 - 1.17]

Uninsured

0.36

0.40

0.35

1.12

[0.89 - 1.41]

Urban

0.44

0.44

0.45

0.99

[0.80 - 1.21]

County/town

0.18

0.15

0.18

0.83

[0.54 - 1.27]

Village

0.38

0.41

0.37

1.10

[0.88 - 1.37]

Married

0.97

0.97

0.97

1.00

[0.97 - 1.04]

Current smoker

0.26

0.34

0.24

1.41

[1.08 - 1.84]

Duration of DM (months)

67.30

64.42

4.69

9.69

77.47

63.78

-72.78

[-83.61 - -61.94]

BMI (kg/m²)

23.90

4.00

24.78

5.26

23.76

3.74

1.02

[0.27 - 1.77]

Fast. blood sugar (mg/dl)

163.95

66.28

186.60

70.91

160.30

64.90

26.30

[13.88 - 38.72]

Triglyceride mg/dl

201.88

209.51

242.83

265.11

195.37

198.67

47.46

[8.88 - 86.03]

Total cholesterol mg/dl

175.18

44.80

186.16

47.25

173.43

44.17

12.73

[4.50 - 20.96]

Plasma LDL-C mg/dl

103.59

39.81

109.19

33.72

102.72

40.62

6.47

[-1.00 - 13.95]

AST IU/L

27.79

26.05

37.66

48.13

26.21

20.02

11.45

[6.71 - 16.19]

ALT IU/L

30.52

30.51

40.87

36.31

28.86

29.16

12.01

[6.45 - 17.58]

Creatinine mg/dl

0.87

0.55

0.79

0.21

0.88

0.58

-0.10

[-0.20 - 0.003]

BUN mg/dl

15.87

7.77

14.55

5.15

16.08

8.10

-1.53

[-2.96 - -0.11]

eGFR ml/min/1.73 M2

101.39

34.54

111.05

31.22

99.84

34.81

11.22

[4.90 - 17.53]

HbA1c %

8.70

2.82

10.40

2.22

8.41

2.81

1.99

[1.48 - 2.50]

Complications upon diagnosis

0.32

0.41

0.30

1.35

[1.07 - 1.69]

Chronic complications

0.83

0.75

0.84

0.89

[0.80 - 0.98]

UKPDS CHD risk

24.63

0.69

18.77

1.39

25.59

20.97

-6.82

[-10.66 - -2.97]

UKPDS stroke risk

15.00

0.68

4.34

0.54

16.69

0.77

-12.35

[-16.16 - -8.55]

Drug expenditures

3,100.82

4,588.62

2336.80

2770.30

3231.51

4810.51

-894.71

[-1735.13 - -54.30]

Diagnostic test expenditures

2,106.74

1,131.80

1976.92

873.45

2132.77

1163.81

-155.85

[-362.73 - 51.02]

Surgical expenditures

96.57

456.74

57.44

287.07

103.12

478.82

-45.67

[-129.50 - 38.16]

Hospital room expenditures

693.40

1,039.34

622.01

931.19

706.59

1056.48

-84.58

[-275.30 - 106.14]

Therapy expenditures

309.89

1,625.24

176.82

359.85

332.10

1746.37

-155.28

[-453.59 - 143.04]

Medical material expenditures

596.51

2,297.50

344.97

386.96

638.50

2471.13

-293.53

[-715.04 - 127.98]

Total expenditures

6,903.93

8,328.53

5473.80

3956.79

7135.94

8815.95

-1,662.14

[-3181.44 - -142.84]

Panel B: Shandong Provincial Hospital

(N = 911)

(N = 62)

(N = 849)

Patient age

61.61

12.32

52.76

15.47

62.25

11.81

-9.49

[-12.62 - -6.37]

Female

0.50

0.44

0.50

0.88

[0.66 - 1.17]

< High School

Variable not available for Shandong data

Insured

0.09

0.06

0.10

0.60

[0.22 - 1.64]

Semi-insured

0.69

0.44

0.71

0.62

[0.47 - 0.82]

Uninsured

0.21

0.50

0.19

2.63

[1.98 - 3.50]

Urban

0.88

0.71

0.89

0.80

[0.68 - 0.94]

Rural

0.12

0.29

0.11

2.64

[1.71 - 4.07]

Married

0.94

0.98

0.93

1.05

[1.01 - 1.10]

Current smoker

0.18

0.16

0.19

0.84

[0.47 - 1.51]

Duration of DM (months)

120.19

84.49

3.14

2.27

128.74

81.15

-125.60

[-145.83 - -105.36]

BMI (kg/m²)

25.30

3.98

25.47

4.66

25.29

3.92

0.18

[-0.93 - 1.30]

Fasting blood glucose (mg/dl)

157.28

44.21

159.69

38.80

157.10

44.60

2.59

[-7.52 - 12.70]

Plasma triglyceride mg/dl

155.04

133.11

166.06

158.28

154.22

131.13

11.84

[-28.53 - 52.21]

Plasma total cholesterol mg/dl

202.32

49.85

205.76

37.06

202.06

50.68

3.70

[-6.13 - 13.54]

Plasma LDL-C mg/dl

133.72

377.89

122.95

27.70

134.52

391.72

-11.57

[-38.81 - 15.67]

AST IU/L

23.79

26.50

30.09

39.57

23.33

25.26

6.76

[-3.24 - 16.76]

ALT IU/L

22.53

33.10

30.03

43.38

21.99

32.19

8.04

[-2.97 - 19.05]

Creatinine mg/dl

1.01

0.59

0.86

0.19

1.02

0.61

-0.16

[-0.22 - -0.10]

BUN mg/dl

17.44

12.29

14.41

5.81

17.67

12.62

-3.26

[-4.94 - -1.58]

eGFR ml/min/1.73 M²

Variable not available for Shandong Data

HbA1c %

10.05

2.58

11.03

2.93

9.98

2.54

1.05

[0.38 - 1.71]

Complication upon diagnosis

Variable not available for Shandong data

Chronic complications

0.90

0.68

0.91

0.75

[0.63 - 0.89]

UKPDS CHD risk

Variable not available for Shandong data

UKPDS stroke risk

Variable not available for Shandong data

Drug expenditures

12,043.97

9,701.05

7,330.60

4,718.68

12,388.17

9,881.62

-5,057.57

[-7541.92 - -2573.21]

Diagnostic test expenditures

1,431.07

1,165.98

1,431.32

1,256.91

1,430.26

1,159.81

1.06

[-300.13 - 302.26]

Surgical expenditures

32.00

235.56

33.87

266.70

31.86

233.30

2.01

[-58.84 - 62.86]

Hospital room expenditures

935.89

1,642.43

574.35

356.56

962.29

1,695.71

-387.94

[-811.48 - 35.60]

Therapy expenditures

2,587.25

3,869.05

1,926.57

1,115.99

2,635.50

3,992.51

-708.93

[-1707.36 - 289.49]

Medical material expenditures

Variable not available for Shandong data

Total expenditures

17,294.27

13,118.62

11,478.48

5,945.20

17,718.98

13,397.19

-6,240.50

[-9605.00 - -2876.00]