Table 3 Estimation results of the associations among health, ambulatory physical and mental healthcare utilization and emergency care utilization
| Â | Direct effect (coefficients) | Indirect effect (derived) | Total effects (derived) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Coeff | 95% CI | p-value | Effect | 95% CI | p-value | Effect | 95% CI | p-value |
Fair, poor or very poor self-rated health | |||||||||
 Age | 0.003 | (-0.002; 0.009) | 0.232 |  |  |  | 0.003 | (-0.002; 0.009) | 0.232 |
 Chronic disease | 0.463 | (0.314; 0.612) |  < 0.001 |  |  |  | 0.463 | (0.314; 0.612) |  < 0.001 |
 Level of pain | 0.091 | (0.048; 0.134) |  < 0.001 |  |  |  | 0.091 | (0.048: 0.134) |  < 0.001 |
 Constant | -0.057 | (-0.254; 0.140) | 0.571 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ambulatory care utilization | |||||||||
 Fair, poor or very poor self-rated health | 0.207 | (0.050; 0.364) | 0.010 |  |  |  | 0.207 | (0.050; 0.364) | 0.010 |
 Chronic disease |  |  |  | 0.096 | (0.017; 0.175) | 0.018 | 0.096 | (0.017; 0.175) | 0.018 |
 Level of pain |  |  |  | 0.019 | (0.002; 0.036) | 0.029 | 0.019 | (0.002; 0.036) | 0.029 |
  < 18 months in Germany | 0.053 | (-0.135; 0.241) | 0.582 |  |  |  | 0.053 | (-0.135; 0.241) | 0.582 |
 Gender | 0.038 | (-0.131; 0.208) | 0.658 |  |  |  | 0.038 | (-0.131; 0.208) | 0.658 |
 Age |  |  |  | 0.001 | (-0.001; 0.002) | 0.278 | 0.001 | (-0.001; 0.002) | 0.278 |
 Constant | 0.437 | (0.311; 0.563) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mental healthcare utilization (psychiatry and/or psychotherapy) | |||||||||
 Depressive symptoms | 0.005 | (-0.146; 0.156) | 0.949 |  |  |  | 0.005 | (-0.146; 0.156) | 0.949 |
 Symptoms of anxiety | 0.202 | (0.051; 0.352) | 0.009 |  |  |  | 0.202 | (0.051; 0.352) | 0.009 |
 < 18 months in Germany | 0.138 | (-0.015; 0.291) | 0.078 |  |  |  | 0.138 | (-0.015; 0.291) | 0.078 |
 Gender | 0.066 | (-0.071; 0.204) | 0.345 |  |  |  | 0.066 | (-0.071; 0.204) | 0.345 |
 Constant | 0.075 | (-0.031; 0.182) | 0.167 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Emergency care utilization | |||||||||
 Ambulatory care utilization | 0.388 | (-0.171; 0.948) | 0.174 |  |  | 0.041 | 0.388 | (-0.171; 0.948) | 0.174 |
 Fair, poor or very poor self-rated health | 0.541 | (-0.028; 1.109) | 0.062 | 0.080 | (-0.051; 0.211) | 0.229 | 0.621 | (0.059; 1.183) | 0.03 |
 Chronic disease |  |  |  | 0.287 | (0.012; 0.563) | 0.041 | 0.287 | (0.012; 0.563) | 0.041 |
 Level of pain |  |  |  | 0.056 | (-0.001; 0.114) | 0.055 | 0.056 | (-0.001; 0.114) | 0.055 |
 Mental healthcare utilization | 0.842 | (0.148; 1.535) | 0.017 |  |  |  | 0.842 | (0.148; 1.535) | 0.017 |
 Depressive symptoms | -0.102 | (-0.725; 0.520) | 0.747 | 0.004 | (-0.123; 0.131) | 0.949 | -0.098 | (-0.733; 0.537) | 0.762 |
 Symptoms of anxiety | 0.620 | (-0.028; 1.267) | 0.061 | 0.170 | (-0.019; 0.359) | 0.078 | 0.790 | (0.141; 1.438) | 0.017 |
 < 18 months in Germany | 0.021 | (-0.582; 0.624) | 0.945 | 0.136 | (-0.053; 0.326) | 0.159 | 0.157 | (-0.463; 0.777) | 0.619 |
 Gender | -0.398 | (-0.940; 0.145) | 0.151 | 0.071 | (-0.086; 0.227) | 0.375 | -0.327 | (-0.889; 0.234) | 0.254 |
 Age |  |  |  | 0.002 | (-0.002; 0.006) | 0.295 | 0.002 | (-0.002; 0.006) | 0.295 |
 Constant | 0.088 | (-0.407; 0.582) | 0.728 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Error variances of endogenous variables | |||||||||
 Fair, poor or very poor self-rated health | 0.129 | (0.102; 0.164) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Ambulatory care utilization | 0.231 | (0.182; 0.293) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Mental healthcare utilization | 0.152 | (0.120; 0.193) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Emergency care utilization | 2.304 | (1.816; 2.922) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Error covariance of ambulatory and mental healthcare utilization | 0.059 | (0.025; 0.092) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |