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Table 8 Univariate Meta-regression analysis on age-standardized rates of outpatient and inpatient care utilization, 1993–2018

From: Changes of equality of medical service utilization in China between 1993 and 2018: findings from six waves of nationwide household interview survey

 

OR(95%CI)

 

1993

1998

2003

2008

2013

2018

Urban and rural (comparator: rural)

 Outpatient visit rate

1.32(1.29–1.35)

0.92(0.9–0.94)

0.71(0.69–0.73)

0.71(0.69–0.73)

1.00(0.98–1.02)

0.87(0.85–0.89)

 Hospital admission rate

 

1.28(1.13–1.45)

0.8(0.69–0.93)

0.64(0.57–0.72)

0.92(0.85–0.99)

0.73(0.7–0.77)

Regions (comparator: northeast)

 Outpatient visit rate

  East

1.43(1.37–1.49)

1.57(1.49–1.65)

1.95(1.83–2.07)

2.33(2.18–2.49)

1.67(1.58–1.75)

1.72(1.65–1.80)

  Central

0.99(0.95–1.04)

1.45(1.37–1.52)

1.52(1.43–1.50)

1.87(1.75–2.00)

0.99(0.94–1.04)

1.43(1.37–1.50)

  West

1.54(1.47–1.60)

1.83(1.74–1.92)

2.16(2.03–2.29)

2.16(2.03–2.31)

1.43(1.36–1.50)

1.76(1.69–1.84)

 Hospital admission rate

  East

 

1.10(0.84–1.43)

1.85(1.35–2.54)

1.95(1.52–2.51)

1.48(1.23–1.76)

1.51(1.33–1.72)

  Central

 

1.46(1.12–1.91)

1.54(1.11–2.14)

2.05(1.59–2.64)

1.17(0.97–1.40)

1.75(1.54–1.99)

  West

 

1.77(1.37–2.27)

2.48(1.82–3.37)

2.32(1.82–3.37)

1.82(1.53–2.16)

2.25(1.99–2.54)

Income(comparator: lowest income)

 Outpatient visit rate

  Highest income

1.10(1.06–1.13)

0.99(0.96–1.02)

1.00(0.97–1.04)

0.97(0.94–1.01)

0.87(0.85–0.90)

0.80(0.78–0.83)

  Higher income

0.88(0.86–0.91)

0.86(0.83–0.88)

0.90(0.87–0.93)

0.92(0.89–0.96)

0.90(0.87–0.93)

0.87(0.84–0.89)

  Lower income

0.96(0.93–0.99)

0.87(0.85–0.90)

0.97(0.94–1.01)

0.96(0.92–0.99)

0.95(0.92–0.99)

0.93(0.91–0.96)

 Hospital admission rate

  Highest income

 

1.28(1.09–1.49)

1.38(1.17–1.63)

1.21(1.06–1.38)

0.92(0.82–1.03)

0.83(0.77–0.89)

  Higher income

 

0.91(0.91–1.29)

1.09(0.91–1.29)

1.05(0.91–1.20)

0.96(0.86–1.07)

0.88(0.82–0.94)

  Lower income

 

0.96(0.82–1.13)

1.01(0.84–1.20)

0.99(0.86–1.14)

0.97(0.87–1.08)

0.90(0.84–0.97)

  1. The frequency of hospital admissions in a year was not investigated in 1993 NHSS, which is inconsistent with the other waves of NHSS, so the hospital admission rate was calculated from 1998 to 2018