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Table 5 Summary of final models for patient health outcomes across 924 practices. Age effects and interactions omitted – full regression outputs in Supplementary file 2

From: Is there equity of patient health outcomes across models of general practice in Aotearoa New Zealand? A national cross-sectional study

Variable

(reference values)

Polypharmacy

Age 65 + 

N = 399,227

R2 = 0.364

HbA1c for those with diabetes

N = 133,985

R2 = 0.1366

6 month childhood immunisations

N = 26,859

R2 = 0.0795

Child ASH admissions

N = 511,845

R2 not applicable

Adult ASH admissions

N = 655,088

R2 not applicable

ED attendances

N = 2,500,000

R2 not applicable

Overall average

38.2%

86.9%

75.6%

31 per 1000 children

38 per 1000

adults

254 per 1000 patients

Practice models

Corporate (Traditional)

37.5% (38.3%)

86.3% (87.0%)

74.3% (75.7%)

-9.3%

20.9% ***

1.4%

PHO/DHB (Traditional)

35.5% (38.3%)

86.5% (86.9%)

74.9% (75.6%)

-14.5%

10.0%

10.3%

Trust/NGO (Traditional)

38.1% (38.2%)

88.4% (86.7%)

79.3% (75.2%)

38.3% **

31.5% ***

15.4% **

HCH Practice (All others)

38.7% (38.1%)

86.2% (87.1%)

78.5% (74.8%) ***

5.6%

-5.4%

-11.2% ***

Māori Practice (All others)

34.7% (38.0%) *

82.9% (87.0%) **

61.8% (76.4%) ***

-0.4%

5.9%

9.6%

Pacific Practice (All others)

36.9% (38.2%)

83.6% (87.0%)

66.5% (75.7%) *

-8.5%

-12.1%

-15.1% *

Patient characteristics

Male (Female)

 

87.5% (86.2%) ***

  

30.2% ***

 

Māori (Not Māori)

37.8% (38.2%)

85.5% (87.1%) ***

68.4% (77.0%) ***

28.1% ***

27.4% ***

20.8% ***

Pacific (Not Pacific)

34.2% (38.3%) ***

85.5% (87.1%) ***

76.1% (75.6) *

40.2% ***

28.0% ***

19.5% ***

Quintile 5 (Not Q5)

 

86.3% (87.1%) ***

    

IMD

 (25th, 50th, 75th centiles)

 (ASH&ED ref: average IMD)

36.0% ***

38.5%

41.0%

 

78.1% ***

76.1%

73.9%

-11.2% ***

0.5%

13.1%

-10.5% ***

0.5%

11.4%

-8.2% ***

0.0%

8.9%

Diabetes (No diabetes)

67.9% (32.9) ***

   

20.4% ***

 

Gout (No gout)

65.4% (35.7%) ***

89.0% (86.5%) ***

  

9.6% ***

 

HbA1c (No HbA1c)

40.8% (34.3%) ***

     

SSRI (No SSRI)

59.1% (36.3%) ***

    

36.5% ***

Antibiotic (No antibiotic)

41.9% (35.2%) ***

88.0% (85.6%) ***

 

145.9% ***

130.2% ***

86.2% ***

Tramadol (No tramadol)

    

58.2% ***

173.9% ***

M3

 (25th, 50th, 75th centiles)

 (ASH&ED ref: M3 = 0)

34.9% ***

38.0%

44.1%

88.3% ***

87.6%

86.3%

 

19.3% ***

64.8%

256.6%

20.4% ***

49.2%

118.6%

13.8% ***

32.8%

77.5%

Continuity of practice

(No continuity)

   

-24.3% ***

-18.9% ***

-20.2% ***

Distance to Nearest ED

 (1, 20, 100 km)

 (ASH&ED ref: average distance)

  

76.8% ***

74.9%

66.0%

 

3.2%

-1.3%

-18.1%

6.1% ***

-3.0%

-33.4%

First Specialist Assessment

 (FSA 1, 2, 3)

 (ASH&ED ref: FSA = 0)

39.8% ***

42.1%

44.3%

87.8% ***

88.9%

90.0%

 

45.9% ***

112.9%

210.7%

45.1% ***

110.5%

205.5%

46.1% ***

113.6%

212.2%

First Specialist Assessment

 Did Not Attend (FSA DNA 1, 2, 3)

 (ASH&ED ref: FSA DNA = 0)

  

67.9% ***

58.9%

49.2%

15.5% **

33.4%

54.2%

50.9% ***

127.6%

243.3%

50.7% ***

127.2%

242.5%

Practice characteristics

VLCA (not VLCA)

 

86.2% (87.3%) *

74.1% (76.3%) *

   

Urban (Rural)

38.1% (38.9%)

86.7% (87.8%) *

75.9% (73.6%)

-3.4%

-0.3%

 

Continuity of GP

 (25th, 50th, 75th centiles)

 (ASH&ED ref: Continuity = 0)

   

-6.6% ***

-8.6%

-12.7%

  

Primary care clinician input

GP + NP consultations

 (Consultations 1, 2, 3)

 (ASH&ED ref: Consultations = 0)

25.4% ***

28.3%

34.6%

81.8% ***

83.1%

85.3%

73.8% ***

74.3%

75.2%

8.7% ***

18.2%

39.8%

8.1% ***

16.9%

36.7%

7.5% ***

15.5%

33.3%

RN hours

 (Hours 1, 2, 4)

 (ASH&ED ref: average hours)

 

86.0% ***

86.2%

86.6%

74.1% ***

74.3%

75.1%

   

GP hours

 (Hours 1, 2, 4)

 (ASH&ED ref: average hours)

  

74.8% ***

75.3%

75.4%

0.4%

0.0%

0.0%

  
  1. • Polypharmacy, HbA1c testing and immunisation results are logistic regressions
  2. ◦ For binary variables, results are % of patients with that outcome, i.e. if variable = 1 (the result if variable = 0 is given in brackets)
  3. ◦ For continuous variables, results are % of patients with that outcome, at specified value of variable, e.g. 25th, 50th, 75th centile, or 1, 2, 4 h
  4. • ASH and ED results are negative binomial regressions
  5. ◦ For binary variables, results are % change from the reference value i.e. result if variable = 1 compared to value if variable = 0
  6. ◦ For continuous variables, results are % change, at stated values, relative to the stated reference value; e.g. at GP hours 1, 2 or 4 compared to average hours
  7. • Traditional practice is used as a reference for Corporate, PHO/Trust and Trust/NGO practice models
  8. ◦ The value for Traditional practice is given in brackets. This value varies slightly as the R margin command does not implement MEM (Marginal Effect at the Mean). We coded our own version of MEM but it is an approximation and there is some variability
  9. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001