Dental health status, dentist visiting, and dental insurance of Asian immigrants in Canada

Li, Qianqian; Wang, Yu; Knight, John C.; Yi, Yanqing; Ozbek, Sara; Shariati, Matin; Wang, Peizhong Peter; Zhu, Yun

doi:10.1186/s12939-023-01863-0

International Journal for Equity in Health

Table 6 Stratified logistic regression of select dental status and dental issues by immigrant status, of household population age 12 and older, Canada

From: Dental health status, dentist visiting, and dental insurance of Asian immigrants in Canada

Characteristic	OR 95% (Confidential interval) §
	Self-perceived dental health (Fair/Poor)			Dental symptoms during past one month (Yes)			Teeth removed due to decay (Yes)
	Canadian born residences	Non-Asian immigrants	Asian immigrants	Canadian born residences	Non-Asian immigrants	Asian immigrants	Canadian born residences	Non-Asian immigrants	Asian immigrants
Education
Sec/some secondary†	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Less than secondary	1.18 (0.99–1.42)	1.62 (1.11–2.34) *	0.57 (0.27–1.19)	1.06 (0.93–1.21)	0.82 (0.59–1.15)	1.31 (0.75–2.29)	1.18 (0.88–1.57)	1.47 (0.74–2.92)	1.99 (0.62–6.38)
Post-secondary degree	0.73 (0.62–0.85) **	1.22 (0.86–1.73)	0.65 (0.40–1.06)	1.04 (0.95–1.15)	1.00 (0.77–1.30)	1.09 (0.75–1.57)	0.67 (0.51–0.88) **	0.99 (0.55–1.76)	1.24 (0.58–2.69)
Sex
Male†	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Female	0.75 (0.66–0.86) **	1.21 (0.91–1.60)	1.00 (0.65–1.55)	1.41 (1.29–1.53) **	1.61 (1.30–1.98) **	1.17 (0.86–1.59)	0.835 (0.67–1.04)	0.88 (0.55–1.38)	1.26 (0.73–2.16)
Age
20–29†	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
12–19	0.53 (0.39–0.71) **	1.25 (0.57–2.76)	0.81 (0.29–2.22)	0.91 (0.75–1.11)	2.36 (1.34–4.15) **	0.95 (0.50–1.80)	0.15 (0.07–0.32) **	0.19 (< 0.001 - >999.99)	0.64 (0.01–61.30)
30–39	0.99 (0.77–1.28)	0.95 (0.48–1.87)	0.96 (0.48–1.92)	0.80 (0.68–0.95) **	0.84 (0.52–1.36)	1.90 (1.10–3.29) *	1.00 (0.57–1.75)	0.805 (0.23–2.84)	1.50 (0.17–13.44)
40–49	0.97 (0.75–1.25)	1.49 (0.81–2.73)	1.58 (0.76–3.28)	0.81 (0.67–0.96) *	0.74 (0.44–1.24)	1.81 (1.04–3.14) *	1.39 (0.78–2.49)	2.53 (0.80–7.94)	1.78 (0.20–15.90)
50–59	1.72 (1.37–2.16) **	1.53 (0.90–2.61)	1.96 (0.88–4.35)	0.70 (0.60–0.83) **	0.81 (0.50–1.28)	1.87 (0.89–3.94)	2.36 (1.38–4.05) **	1.75 (0.55–5.58)	3.12 (0.35–28.27)
60-high	1.10 (0.88–1.38)	1.59 (0.92–52.74)	1.81 (0.86–3.85)	0.33 (0.28–0.39) **	0.53 (0.33–0.84) **	1.23 (0.65–2.32)	2.21 (1.27–3.86) **	1.99 (0.70–5.65)	3.96 (0.46–34.35)
Household income
40,000–79,999†	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
80,000-more	0.63 (0.52–0.75) **	1.04 (0.70–1.54)	1.02 (0.68–1.54)	0.87 (0.78–0.96) **	1.16 (0.89–1.51)	0.99 (0.71–1.38)	0.65 (0.47–0.90) **	0.81 (0.46–1.44)	0.74 (0.38–1.44)
No income-39,999	1.32 (1.12–1.55) **	1.44 (1.04–1.99) *	1.32 (0.76–2.27)	1.26 (1.12–1.42) **	1.32 (0.98–1.78)	0.86 (0.58–1.28)	1.71 (1.34–2.18) **	1.26 (0.81–1.96)	1.28 (0.57–2.85)
Marital status
Married/common-law†	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Single/never married	1.19 (0.99–1.43)	0.99 (0.64–1.54)	0.84 (0.47–1.52)	0.96 (0.85–1.08)	0.82 (0.56–1.20)	1.85 (1.19–2.87) **	0.89 (0.60–1.31)	0.86 (0.37–1.95)	0.79 (0.19–3.39)
Widowed/Separated/Divorced	1.06 (0.89–1.26)	1.05 (0.74–1.51)	1.08 (0.61–1.91)	0.90 (0.79–1.03)	1.03 (0.77–1.39)	2.08 (1.28–3.36) **	0.92 (0.71–1.18)	0.93 (0.57–1.52)	0.91 (0.41–2.04)
Smoking status
Smoker†	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
No smoker	0.42 (0.36–0.49) **	0.53 (0.38–0.74) **	1.06 (0.49–2.30)	0.84 (0.76–0.93) **	0.69 (0.50–0.95) *	0.93 (0.57–1.51)	0.44 (0.35–0.56) **	0.507 (0.28–0.91) **	0.45 (0.17–1.22)
Alcohol drinker
Non heavy drinker†	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Heavy drinker	0.85 (0.70–1.03)	1.40 (0.80–2.43)	1.19 (0.41–3.48)	0.98 (0.87–1.12)	1.06 (0.68–1.67)	3.03 (1.30–7.08) *	0.58 (0.42–0.80) **	0.692 (0.238–2.02)	0.19 (< 0.001->999.999)
Diabetes status
Yes†	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
No	0.75 (0.58–0.96) *	0.44 (0.31–0.64) **	0.81 (0.43–1.53)	1.013 (0.86–1.20)	0.80 (0.56–1.15)	0.84 (0.50–1.39)	0.74 (0.54–1.02)	0.89 (0.49–1.62)	0.53 (0.22–1.27)
Teeth brush
< 2 a day†	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
≥ 2 a day	0.54 (0.48–0.62) **	0.59 (0.42–0.82) **	0.88 (0.54–1.42)	0.761 (0.69–0.84) **	0.77 (0.58–1.017)	0.99 (0.63–1.54)	0.74 (0.58–0.95) *	1.07 (0.62–1.83)	0.81 (0.40–1.66)
Dental insurance coverage	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Yes†	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
No	1.09 (0.95–1.24)	1.09 (0.79–1.49)	1.52 (0.99–2.32)	0.96 (0.87–1.05)	1.00 (0.77–1.29)	0.83 (0.61–1.13)	0.81 (0.63–1.026)	1.26 (0.81–1.97)	0.65 (0.30–1.44)
Visiting dentist more than once per year
Yes †	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
No	3.34 (2.92–3.83) **	2.83 (2.15–3.72) **	1.35 (0.90–2.03)	1.13 (1.01–1.26) **	1.27 (0.99–1.64)	1.12 (0.81–1.57)	0.89 (0.68–1.17)	0.47 (0.31–0.73) **	0.86 (0.43–1.73)
Language
Either English or French†	NA	1.00	1.00	NA	1.00	1.00	NA	1.00	1.00
Neither English nor French	NA	1.56 (0.78–3.12)	2.24 (0.93–5.42)	NA	0.55 (0.32–0.95) *	1.68 (0.75–3.77)	NA	1.27 (0.51–3.18)	0.96 (0.25–3.72)
Immigrants’ years
0–10 years†	NA	NA	1.00	NA	NA	1.00	NA	NA	1.00
11-high years	NA	NA	1.04 (0.66–1.63)	NA	NA	0.93 (0.67–1.29)	NA	NA	0.69 (0.30–1.57)

Data source: Combined Canadian Community Healthy Survey annual data of 2012, 2013, and 2014
Note: All data are weighted by the rescaled weights. The average of the rescaled weights being 1, many of the data would be fractions.
†Reference group.
Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio, NA: not applicable.
*Significantly different from Canadian born residences (P < 0.05), using bootstrap.
**Highly significant different from Canadian born residences (P < 0.01), using bootstrap.
OR: Odds ratio.
§ Adjusted for all factors which include immigrant status, age, sex, marital status, official language, education, household income, diabetes status, smoking status, alcohol consumption, self-perceived dental status, light dental issue, teeth brush frequency, visiting dentist more than once per year, and dental insurance coverage.

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