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Table 5 Contributions of spending categories to the overall Kakwani indexes for OOP spending on health

From: The role of consumer choice in out-of-pocket spending on health

 

2008

2013

2018

 

contrib

as %

contrib

as %

contrib

as %

total OOP spending on health

– 0.0581

100

– 0.0494

100

– 0.0805

100

medicines

    prescribed medicines

– 0.0135

23.27

– 0.0193

39.16

– 0.0223

27.75

    non-prescribed medicines

– 0.0231

39.75

– 0.0248

50.19

– 0.0285

35.89

medical goods and equipment

    prescribed medical goods

– 0.0042

7.29

– 0.0032

6.52

– 0.0029

3.64

    non-prescribed medical goods

– 0.0071

12.24

– 0.0077

15.63

– 0.0075

9.37

    medical equipment and medical aids

– 0.0021

3.59

– 0.0014

2.93

– 0.0077

9.56

dental care

    dental care services

– 0.0014

2.38

0.0033

– 6.62

– 0.0084

10.49

    materials for crowns and dentures

– 0.0038

6.62

– 0.0034

6.82

– 0.0001

0.07

ambulatory care

    ambulatory medical services

0.0076

– 13.06

0.0069

– 13.92

0.0024

– 3.03

    admission fee

– 0.0142

24.47

    

    referred services

– 0.0007

1.18

0.0016

– 3.22

– 0.0038

4.72

inpatient care

0.0045

– 7.71

– 0.0012

2.52

– 0.0017

2.10

  1. Decomposition of Kakwani-indexes. Negative contributions add regressivity, positive contributions add progressivity. Note that percentage contributions refer to negative overall indexes: positive signs indicate negative contributions, i.e. in the direction of the overall index, and vice versa