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Table 3 Kakwani indexes for OOP spending on health

From: The role of consumer choice in out-of-pocket spending on health

 

2008

2013

2018

total OOP spending on health

– 0.0581\(^{**}\)

– 0.0494\(^{**}\)

– 0.0805\(^{**}\)

medicines

    prescribed medicines

– 0.1385\(^{**}\)

– 0.1674\(^{**}\)

– 0.2094\(^{**}\)

    non-prescribed medicines

– 0.1343\(^{**}\)

– 0.1380\(^{**}\)

– 0.1665\(^{**}\)

medical goods and equipment

    prescribed medical goods

– 0.1764\(^{**}\)

– 0.1558\(^{**}\)

– 0.1110

    non-prescribed medical goods

– 0.1144\(^{**}\)

– 0.1291\(^{**}\)

– 0.1144\(^{**}\)

    medical equipment and medical aids

– 0.0127

– 0.0087

– 0.0426\(^{**}\)

dental care

    dental care services

– 0.0099

0.0185

– 0.0466\(^{*}\)

    materials for crowns and dentures

– 0.0361

– 0.0276

– 0.0001

ambulatory care

    ambulatory medical services

0.1188\(^{**}\)

0.1075\(^{**}\)

0.0383

    admission fee

– 0.1994\(^{**}\)

  

    referred services

– 0.0135

0.0292

– 0.0616\(^{**}\)

inpatient care

0.0933

– 0.0299

– 0.0545

  1. Kakwani-indexes of OOP spending on healthcare per equivalent person with respect to net equivalent household income. Negative indexes indicate regressive effects, positive indexes indicate progressive effects
  2. *p<0.05; **p<0.01