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Table 2 Logistic regression results for self-reported and undiagnosed HT among older adults, India, LASI, 2017–18

From: Comparing socio-economic inequalities in self-reported and undiagnosed hypertension among adults 45 years and over in India: what explains these inequalities?

 

Self-reported HT

Undiagnosed HT

OR (Overall)

95% CI

OR (Men)

95% CI

OR (Women)

95% CI

OR (Overall)

95% CI

OR (Men)

95% CI

OR (Women)

95% CI

Individual factors

Age groups

  45–54

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

  55–64

1.39***

(1.32,1.46)

1.41***

(1.30,1.53)

1.41***

(1.32,1.50)

1.30***

(1.23,1.37)

1.16***

(1.07,1.24)

1.42***

(1.32,1.53)

  65–74

1.76***

(1.66,1.87)

1.88***

(1.71,2.07)

1.81***

(1.68,1.96)

1.43***

(1.35,1.52)

1.18***

(1.08,1.29)

1.60***

(1.46,1.75)

  75+

1.80***

(1.66,1.95)

2.07***

(1.82,2.34)

1.85***

(1.66,2.07)

1.64***

(1.51,1.78)

1.31***

(1.15,1.48)

1.81***

(1.60,2.04)

Education level

  No education

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

  Primary

1.13***

(1.07,1.19)

1.18***

(1.09,1.29)

1.25***

(1.16,1.34)

1

(0.95,1.06)

1.02

(0.94,1.10)

0.91*

(0.84,0.99)

  Secondary

1.06

(0.99,1.12)

1.25***

(1.14,1.37)

1.09

(1.00,1.19)

1.07*

(1.01,1.14)

1.03

(0.95,1.12)

0.94

(0.84,1.05)

 Higher

1.11*

(1.02,1.20)

1.42***

(1.27,1.59)

0.98

(0.86,1.11)

1.05

(0.97,1.14)

0.97

(0.87,1.08)

0.91

(0.78,1.07)

Working Status

  Never worked

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

  Currently working

0.69***

(0.66,0.73)

0.81*

(0.69,0.95)

0.79***

(0.74,0.85)

1.18***

(1.11,1.25)

0.99

(0.85,1.17)

0.98

(0.91,1.07)

  Not currently working

0.97

(0.92,1.02)

1.13

(0.96,1.33)

1.05

(0.98,1.12)

1.09**

(1.02,1.16)

0.94

(0.80,1.10)

1

(0.93,1.09)

Marital Status

  Currently married

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

  Widowed

1.29***

(1.23,1.36)

0.97

(0.87,1.08)

1.30***

(1.23,1.39)

1.13***

(1.07,1.19)

1.15**

(1.03,1.27)

1.18***

(1.10,1.26)

  D/S/D/Othersa

1.00

(0.89,1.12)

0.85

(0.70,1.02)

1.1

(0.95,1.28)

1.16*

(1.03,1.30)

1.16

(0.99,1.37)

1.20*

(1.02,1.40)

Morbidities

Diabetes

            

  No

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

  Yes

3.51***

(3.32,3.72)

3.61***

(3.33,3.92)

3.46***

(3.20,3.74)

0.50***

(0.47,0.54)

0.50***

(0.45,0.55)

0.50***

(0.45,0.56)

Stroke

  No

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

  Yes

3.32***

(2.85,3.87)

3.62***

(2.97,4.40)

3.03***

(2.37,3.88)

0.52***

(0.42,0.64)

0.48***

(0.37,0.63)

0.55***

(0.39,0.78)

Arthritis

  No

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

  Yes

1.39***

(1.30,1.49)

1.32***

(1.17,1.48)

1.42***

(1.30,1.54)

0.73***

(0.67,0.80)

0.76***

(0.66,0.86)

0.74***

(0.66,0.82)

Difficulty in ADLb

  No

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

  Yes

1.20***

(1.13,1.27)

1.27***

(1.15,1.41)

1.16***

(1.07,1.25)

0.93*

(0.87,1.00)

0.93

(0.84,1.04)

0.93

(0.85,1.02)

Difficulty in IADLc

  No

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

  Yes

1.17***

(1.11,1.22)

1.15***

(1.06,1.25)

1.13***

(1.06,1.20)

0.96

(0.91,1.01)

0.97

(0.90,1.05)

0.99

(0.92,1.06)

BMI categories

  Normal

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

  Underweight

0.64***

(0.60,0.68)

0.63***

(0.58,0.70)

0.64***

(0.59,0.70)

0.77***

(0.73,0.82)

0.71***

(0.65,0.77)

0.85***

(0.78,0.92)

  Overweight/obese

1.77***

(1.69,1.85)

1.68***

(1.56,1.80)

1.79***

(1.69,1.90)

1.16***

(1.11,1.22)

1.26***

(1.18,1.36)

1.14***

(1.07,1.23)

Lifestyle factors

Moderate activities

  Inactive

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

  Active

0.97

(0.92,1.01)

0.95

(0.89,1.02)

0.90***

(0.85,0.95)

1.01

(0.96,1.05)

1.06

(1.00,1.14)

1.10**

(1.02,1.18)

Vigorous activities

  Inactive

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

  Active

0.91***

(0.86,0.96)

0.90**

(0.83,0.96)

0.97

(0.90,1.04)

1.04

(0.99,1.09)

0.97

(0.91,1.04)

1.08

(1.00,1.16)

Smoking status

  Never

1

(1.00,1.00)

1

(1.00,1.00)

1

(1.00,1.00)

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

  Former

1.04

(0.95,1.15)

1.06

(0.95,1.18)

1.25

(0.99,1.58)

0.85**

(0.77,0.94)

0.84**

(0.75,0.95)

0.65**

(0.48,0.88)

  Current

0.85***

(0.79,0.91)

0.91*

(0.84,0.98)

0.99

(0.85,1.15)

0.96

(0.90,1.03)

0.93

(0.86,1.00)

0.79**

(0.66,0.94)

Chewing tobacco status

  Never

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

  Former

1.05

(0.92,1.19)

1.01

(0.86,1.20)

1.13

(0.92,1.40)

0.97

(0.85,1.11)

0.95

(0.80,1.12)

0.97

(0.77,1.22)

  Current

0.93**

(0.88,0.98)

0.89**

(0.82,0.97)

1.03

(0.95,1.12)

1.05

(0.99,1.11)

1.02

(0.95,1.10)

1.08

(0.99,1.17)

Alcohol use

  No

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

  Yes

0.95

(0.89,1.01)

1.06

(0.99,1.14)

0.86

(0.74,1.01)

1.45***

(1.37,1.54)

1.33***

(1.24,1.42)

1.39***

(1.22,1.60)

Household factors

MPCE quintile

  Poorest

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

  Poorer

1.15***

(1.08,1.23)

1.08

(0.98,1.20)

1.19***

(1.09,1.29)

0.91**

(0.85,0.97)

0.94

(0.86,1.03)

0.89*

(0.82,0.98)

  Middle

1.25***

(1.17,1.34)

1.16**

(1.04,1.28)

1.30***

(1.20,1.42)

0.90**

(0.84,0.96)

0.95

(0.87,1.04)

0.87**

(0.80,0.96)

  Richer

1.37***

(1.28,1.46)

1.30***

(1.17,1.44)

1.39***

(1.28,1.52)

0.85***

(0.80,0.91)

0.89*

(0.81,0.98)

0.84***

(0.76,0.92)

  Richest

1.42***

(1.33,1.52)

1.36***

(1.23,1.51)

1.43***

(1.30,1.56)

0.81***

(0.75,0.86)

0.84***

(0.76,0.93)

0.81***

(0.73,0.89)

Religion

  Hindu

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

  Muslim

1.23***

(1.15,1.31)

1.12*

(1.01,1.24)

1.38***

(1.27,1.50)

1.04

(0.97,1.12)

0.99

(0.90,1.10)

1.02

(0.92,1.12)

  Christian

1.03

(0.94,1.12)

1

(0.87,1.15)

1.05

(0.94,1.18)

0.96

(0.88,1.05)

0.92

(0.81,1.04)

1.01

(0.90,1.14)

  Othersd

1.26***

(1.15,1.39)

1.27***

(1.10,1.47)

1.34***

(1.18,1.52)

1.07

(0.97,1.18)

1.1

(0.96,1.27)

0.99

(0.85,1.15)

Caste

  Scheduled Caste

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

  Scheduled Tribe

0.76***

(0.70,0.82)

0.78***

(0.69,0.89)

0.74***

(0.66,0.82)

1.38***

(1.28,1.49)

1.40***

(1.26,1.56)

1.39***

(1.25,1.55)

  OBCe

0.99

(0.93,1.05)

0.98

(0.89,1.07)

1.00

(0.92,1.08)

0.94*

(0.88,1.00)

1

(0.92,1.09)

0.88**

(0.81,0.96)

  Others

1.04

(0.97,1.11)

1.07

(0.96,1.18)

1.02

(0.93,1.11)

0.98

(0.91,1.05)

0.93

(0.85,1.03)

1.03

(0.93,1.14)

Place of Residence

  Rural

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

  Urban

1.19***

(1.14,1.25)

1.19***

(1.11,1.28)

1.18***

(1.11,1.26)

0.99

(0.95,1.04)

1.08*

(1.01,1.15)

0.92*

(0.85,0.99)

Region

  North

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

  Central

0.67***

(0.62,0.72)

0.69***

(0.61,0.78)

0.66***

(0.60,0.73)

1.08*

(1.00,1.17)

0.88*

(0.79,0.99)

1.35***

(1.20,1.51)

  East

0.84***

(0.79,0.91)

0.92

(0.82,1.03)

0.81***

(0.74,0.88)

1.02

(0.95,1.10)

0.80***

(0.72,0.89)

1.29***

(1.16,1.44)

  Northeast

1.00

(0.92,1.10)

1.10

(0.96,1.26)

0.87*

(0.78,0.99)

1.07

(0.98,1.18)

1.02

(0.90,1.15)

1.18*

(1.03,1.35)

  West

0.77***

(0.71,0.83)

0.83**

(0.74,0.93)

0.71***

(0.64,0.78)

1.19***

(1.10,1.29)

1.07

(0.96,1.20)

1.36***

(1.21,1.53)

  South

0.84***

(0.79,0.90)

0.96

(0.87,1.06)

0.76***

(0.70,0.83)

1.27***

(1.18,1.36)

1.09

(0.99,1.21)

1.50***

(1.35,1.66)

  1. Note.adivorced, separated, and deserted
  2. bActivities of daily living
  3. cInstrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL)
  4. dincludes Sikh, Buddhist/neo-Buddhist, Jain, Parsi/Zoroastrian and others; and
  5. eOther Backward Classes, HT-hypertension
  6. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001