Fig. 1

Derivation of Analytic Sample. Note: We first included 3,368 decedents once surveyed in 1998 and died before the 2000 survey, 3,343 once surveyed in 2000 and died before the 2002 survey, 5,874 once surveyed in 2002 and died before the 2015 survey, 5,228 once surveyed in 2005 and died before the 2008 survey, 5,642 once surveyed in 2008 and died before the 2011 survey, 2,879 once surveyed in 2011/2012 and died before the 2014 survey, 2,226 once surveyed in 2014 and died before the 2018 survey. Also, it’s recommended to exclude the respondents who were less than 80 years old if the analysis is focused on the oldest old since they had not reached the oldest old age (80 +) at the survey time. Weight is not applied to those respondents aged less than 80 or more than 106 at their first interviews. CLHLS, Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey