Study | Security of tenure | Access to basic services and formal city infrastructure | Planning and building regulations | Additional elements |
---|---|---|---|---|
Das, 2010 [39] | A substantial proportion of households did not have metered electric supply, access to individual or communal piped water or individual toilet facilities | Situated on or beside hazardous locations like railway lines, garbage dumps and polluted bodies of water. Houses were of insubstantial construction | ||
Bhojani, 2012 [104] | Inadequate sanitary and drinking water facilities | Compact settlement of poorly built tenements | ||
Sakdapolrak, 2013 [103] | Danger of eviction | Not fully recognized and lack of basic infrastructure | Physical and spatial manifestation of urban poverty. Population suffers discriminatory and oppressive practice of unsociability | |
Patel, 2013 [105] | Poor access to sanitation and clean water due to non-existent or poorly developed basic infrastructure | Dense populations | ||
Seeberg, 2014 [106] | Houses served by illegal electricity connections provided by a local contractor for a monthly fee. No regular water supply. Inhabitants dependent on two communal water sources, which provided water for two hours in a day and on water tankers that came once a day, and often in the summer once in two days | Houses built with concrete and tin roofs, but a majority with flammable roofs Single room hutments of approximately 50 m2 served as an all-purpose room generally demarcated into a sleeping area and a cooking area | Densely packed shelters | |
Buigut, 2015 [68] | Lack of access to piped water, poor environmental sanitation | Poor and unsafe dwelling structures | High unemployment and low incomes, low education levels, and high disease prevalence | |
Khan, 2015 [110] | Dwellers typically engaged in informal sector and low skill jobs occupations like hawking, trading, domestic work, rickshaw, brick breaking, construction | |||
Kien, 2016 [109] | Located in narrow spaces and/or in polluted locations | A group of at least 30 households that are temporary and/or very old houses | ||
Mukama, 2018 [111] | Informal and substandard housing and a high population density. It is primarily residential with small businesses such as kiosks and grocery stalls | |||
Kusuma, 2019 [108] | Dwellings walled and roofed with tin/asbestos sheets. Questionable legality | Inhabited by the people, who migrated to work in the industries and factories long back and started living by establishing their hold in these areas by constructing their own houses | ||
Banerjee, 2019 [112] | Dwellers are mostly from lower social and economic status and remain more exposed to the physically demanding jobs, poorer health status, and associated disabilities | |||
Adams, 2020 [107] | limited access to basic services | Inadequate housing | Crowding, insecurity |