From: Unaffordability of COVID-19 tests: assessing age-related inequalities in 83 countries
Factor | Ever tested (July 2020 to April 2021) | Never tested (January 2021 to April 2021) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All age groups | 18–24 years | 25–34 years | 35–44 years | 45–54 years | 55 years old and more | All age groups | 18–24 years | 25–34 years | 35–44 years | 45–54 years | 55 years old and more | |
Main outcomes of interest | ||||||||||||
Paying out-of-pocket for COVID-19 test** | 8.0 | 8.3 | 8.6 | 8.4 | 7.8 | 6.8 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Reducing spending on necessities** | 3.6 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.0 | 3.2 | 1.9 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Having any barriers to get COVID-19 test*** | – | – | – | – | – | – | 8.2 | 12.4 | 9.7 | 8.6 | 6.7 | 4.7 |
Financial barriers*** | – | – | – | – | – | – | 5.9 | 9.0 | 7.2 | 6.4 | 4.8 | 3.0 |
Anxiety for future household finance | 44.9 | 53.7 | 52.2 | 48.6 | 42.0 | 28.0 | 47.1 | 57.5 | 57.0 | 53.1 | 44.9 | 27.1 |
Individual’s characteristics | ||||||||||||
Female | 46.0 | 46.2 | 47.8 | 43.4 | 46.9 | 45.3φ | 48.8 | 51.4 | 52.8 | 46.0 | 48.2 | 45.2φ |
Education level | ||||||||||||
0–6 years | 16.1 | 20.4 | 18.5 | 15.4 | 14.1 | 13.1 | 13.0 | 15.8 | 16.1 | 12.8 | 10.9 | 9.8 |
7–12 years | 22.6 | 25.6 | 21.5 | 22.3 | 21.8 | 23.5 | 25.6 | 27.8 | 25.5 | 26.4 | 24.5 | 24.6 |
12 years and more | 61.3 | 54.1 | 60.1 | 62.4 | 64.2 | 63.5 | 61.4 | 56.4 | 58.5 | 60.8 | 64.6 | 65.6 |
Unemployed in the last 7 days | 49.8 | 60.8 | 45.8 | 42.2 | 42.5 | 63.8 | 54.4 | 67.4 | 49.2 | 43.5 | 43.0 | 67.8 |
Crowd density | ||||||||||||
0–0.49 | 9.5 | 11.1 | 13.2 | 12.6 | 6.4 | 3.1φ | 11.6 | 14.2 | 16.9 | 16.7 | 8.3 | 3.1φ |
0.5–0.99 | 40.7 | 39.7 | 41.6 | 46.4 | 43.4 | 31.3 | 38.7 | 40.3 | 40.6 | 44.1 | 41.4 | 29.3 |
1.0–1.49 | 29.7 | 27.8 | 27.3 | 25.9 | 31.0 | 37.0 | 28.2 | 23.9 | 24.9 | 24.2 | 29.5 | 36.1 |
1.5 and more | 20.1 | 21.3 | 17.8 | 15.1 | 19.1 | 28.6 | 21.5 | 21.5 | 17.4 | 14.9 | 20.7 | 31.4 |
Area Residence: Rural | 19.1 | 24.4 | 20.5 | 17.7 | 16.9 | 17.7 | 20.9 | 24.6 | 23.4 | 20.1 | 18.2 | 18.7 |
Testing policy | ||||||||||||
Open testing policy | 34.5 | 32.8 | 34.4 | 32.4 | 36.1 | 36.6 | 42.0 | 44.3 | 47.8 | 39.4 | 41.8 | 36.4 |
Time period (Month) | ||||||||||||
2020–07 | 4.9 | 5.4 | 5.3 | 5.0 | 4.7 | 4.2 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
2020–08 | 5.9 | 6.3 | 6.5 | 6.1 | 5.7 | 5.2 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
2020–09 | 7.5 | 7.8 | 8.0 | 7.6 | 7.1 | 6.5 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
2020–10 | 9.0 | 9.7 | 9.6 | 9.2 | 8.5 | 8.2 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
2020–11 | 9.0 | 9.3 | 9.3 | 9.2 | 8.6 | 8.2 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
2020–12 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.1 | 10.3 | 10.0 | 9.8 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
2021–01 | 11.8 | 11.6 | 11.5 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 11.9 | 25.5 | 25.3 | 25.7 | 26.2 | 25.3 | 24.9 |
2021–02 | 12.6 | 12.2 | 12.1 | 12.3 | 13.0 | 13.2 | 24.9 | 25.1 | 24.9 | 24.9 | 25.0 | 24.6 |
2021–03 | 14.1 | 13.4 | 13.4 | 13.7 | 14.7 | 15.6 | 25.6 | 25.6 | 25.4 | 25.3 | 25.5 | 26.3 |
2021–04 | 15.3 | 14.4 | 14.3 | 14.7 | 15.9 | 17.3 | 24.0 | 24.0 | 24.1 | 23.6 | 24.1 | 24.2 |
WHO Region | ||||||||||||
African | 5.0 | 5.2 | 5.8 | 5.9 | 4.6φ | 2.9 | 5.5 | 6.5 | 7.4 | 6.9 | 4.6φ | 2.6 |
Region of the Americas | 19.4 | 18.1 | 17.7 | 21.9 | 19.7 | 20.0 | 18.9 | 20.6 | 17.2 | 20.5 | 18.5 | 18.4 |
Eastern Mediterranean | 6.5φ | 6.6 | 7.7 | 7.8 | 6.1 | 3.9 | 6.5φ | 8.9 | 7.8 | 7.6 | 5.8 | 3.3 |
European Region | 33.3 | 26.6 | 24.3 | 32.3 | 37.3 | 47.4 | 19.5 | 12.2 | 12.4 | 18.4 | 21.2 | 31.3 |
South-East Asian | 29.4 | 37.5 | 38.4 | 26.0 | 26.4 | 18.8 | 34.9 | 40.3 | 43.4 | 31.8 | 34.2 | 25.4 |
Western Pacific | 6.4 | 6.1 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.0 | 7.1 | 14.7 | 11.5 | 11.9 | 14.8 | 15.7 | 19.0 |