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Table 1 Summary statistics among those “Ever tested” and “Never tested” (UMD-CTIS) *

From: Unaffordability of COVID-19 tests: assessing age-related inequalities in 83 countries

Factor

Ever tested (July 2020 to April 2021)

Never tested (January 2021 to April 2021)

All age groups

18–24 years

25–34 years

35–44 years

45–54 years

55 years old and more

All age groups

18–24 years

25–34 years

35–44 years

45–54 years

55 years old and more

Main outcomes of interest

 Paying out-of-pocket for COVID-19 test**

8.0

8.3

8.6

8.4

7.8

6.8

 Reducing spending on necessities**

3.6

4.5

4.5

4.0

3.2

1.9

 Having any barriers to get COVID-19 test***

8.2

12.4

9.7

8.6

6.7

4.7

 Financial barriers***

5.9

9.0

7.2

6.4

4.8

3.0

 Anxiety for future household finance

44.9

53.7

52.2

48.6

42.0

28.0

47.1

57.5

57.0

53.1

44.9

27.1

Individual’s characteristics

 Female

46.0

46.2

47.8

43.4

46.9

45.3φ

48.8

51.4

52.8

46.0

48.2

45.2φ

 Education level

 0–6 years

16.1

20.4

18.5

15.4

14.1

13.1

13.0

15.8

16.1

12.8

10.9

9.8

 7–12 years

22.6

25.6

21.5

22.3

21.8

23.5

25.6

27.8

25.5

26.4

24.5

24.6

 12 years and more

61.3

54.1

60.1

62.4

64.2

63.5

61.4

56.4

58.5

60.8

64.6

65.6

 Unemployed in the last 7 days

49.8

60.8

45.8

42.2

42.5

63.8

54.4

67.4

49.2

43.5

43.0

67.8

 Crowd density

 0–0.49

9.5

11.1

13.2

12.6

6.4

3.1φ

11.6

14.2

16.9

16.7

8.3

3.1φ

 0.5–0.99

40.7

39.7

41.6

46.4

43.4

31.3

38.7

40.3

40.6

44.1

41.4

29.3

 1.0–1.49

29.7

27.8

27.3

25.9

31.0

37.0

28.2

23.9

24.9

24.2

29.5

36.1

 1.5 and more

20.1

21.3

17.8

15.1

19.1

28.6

21.5

21.5

17.4

14.9

20.7

31.4

 Area Residence: Rural

19.1

24.4

20.5

17.7

16.9

17.7

20.9

24.6

23.4

20.1

18.2

18.7

Testing policy

 Open testing policy

34.5

32.8

34.4

32.4

36.1

36.6

42.0

44.3

47.8

39.4

41.8

36.4

 Time period (Month)

 2020–07

4.9

5.4

5.3

5.0

4.7

4.2

 2020–08

5.9

6.3

6.5

6.1

5.7

5.2

 2020–09

7.5

7.8

8.0

7.6

7.1

6.5

 2020–10

9.0

9.7

9.6

9.2

8.5

8.2

 2020–11

9.0

9.3

9.3

9.2

8.6

8.2

 2020–12

10.0

10.0

10.1

10.3

10.0

9.8

 2021–01

11.8

11.6

11.5

12.0

12.0

11.9

25.5

25.3

25.7

26.2

25.3

24.9

 2021–02

12.6

12.2

12.1

12.3

13.0

13.2

24.9

25.1

24.9

24.9

25.0

24.6

 2021–03

14.1

13.4

13.4

13.7

14.7

15.6

25.6

25.6

25.4

25.3

25.5

26.3

 2021–04

15.3

14.4

14.3

14.7

15.9

17.3

24.0

24.0

24.1

23.6

24.1

24.2

 WHO Region

 African

5.0

5.2

5.8

5.9

4.6φ

2.9

5.5

6.5

7.4

6.9

4.6φ

2.6

 Region of the Americas

19.4

18.1

17.7

21.9

19.7

20.0

18.9

20.6

17.2

20.5

18.5

18.4

 Eastern Mediterranean

6.5φ

6.6

7.7

7.8

6.1

3.9

6.5φ

8.9

7.8

7.6

5.8

3.3

 European Region

33.3

26.6

24.3

32.3

37.3

47.4

19.5

12.2

12.4

18.4

21.2

31.3

 South-East Asian

29.4

37.5

38.4

26.0

26.4

18.8

34.9

40.3

43.4

31.8

34.2

25.4

 Western Pacific

6.4

6.1

6.3

6.3

6.0

7.1

14.7

11.5

11.9

14.8

15.7

19.0

  1. Notes: *: The entries in each cell are the percentage of population by each factor across age groups
  2. **: Paying Out-Of-Pocket and Reducing spending on necessities were not asked to people never tested (shown as “-“). ***: Having any barriers and financial barriers to get COVID-19 test were not asked to people who got the test (shown as “-“)
  3. Definition of variables are presented in Appendix Table 3. All percentage are population-weighted estimates based on 5,655,550 observations from 83 countries for ever tested population from July 2020 to April 2021 and 4,349,848 observations from 83 countries for never tested population from January 2021 to April 2021. All differences between population “ever tested” and “never tested” overall and in age groups were significant at the 5% level except cases with “φ