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Table 3 Effects of Indigenous language maintenance and/or revitalization on health issues. Numbers reflect the study involved. See Table 2 for elaboration of Health Outcomes. Studies were either Qualitative (part a) or Quantitative (part b). Some reports include multiple issues and/or techniques and will thus be listed more than once.

From: Health effects of Indigenous language use and revitalization: a realist review

Health Outcome

Positive

Neutral

Negative

a. Qualitative studies

General

[21], [35], [40], [41], [42], [43], [44], [45], [46], [47], [48], [49], [50], [51], [52], [53], [54], [55]

[56]

 

Education

[57], [58], [59], [60], [61], [62], [63]

  

b. Quantitative studies

General

[64], [65], [66], [67], [68], [69], [70], [71], [72], [73], [74], [75], [76], [77], [78], [79], [80], [81]

[21], [82], [83], [84], [85], [86], [87], [88]

[89], [90], [91], [92], [93], [94], [95], [96], [97]

Education

[41], [74], [98], [99], [100], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105], [106], [107]

[73], [108], [109], [110], [111]

[112], [113], [114], [115], [116], [117], [118], [119]

Tobacco

[77], [120], [121]

 

[122], [123], [124], [125]

Suicide

[126], [127], [128], [129], [130], [131]

[132]

 

Alcohol/drugs

[73], [74], [120], [133], [134], [135]

[136], [137]

 

Obesity

[77], [138], [139]

[140], [141]

[142], [143]

Diabetes

[144], [145]

  

Mental

[107], [146], [147], [148], [149], [150], [151], [152], [153]

[154]

[65], [155]

Crime

[133]

[73], [74]

 

Other

[156], [157], [158], [159], [160]

[161], [162]

[159], [163], [164], [165], [166], [167]