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Table 2 Education-related inequality in four COVID-19 prevention and testing indicators: median crude and adjusted Slope Index of Inequality (SII) and Relative Index of Inequality (RII), globally and by country income group (UMD-CTIS, June–December 2021)

From: Education-related inequalities in beliefs and behaviors pertaining to COVID-19 non-pharmaceutical interventions

Indicator

Income group

Slope Index of Inequality (SII)

Relative Index of Inequality (RII)

Crude

(95%CI)

Adjusted

(95%CI)

Adjusted2

(95%CI)

Crude

(95%CI)

Adjusted

(95%CI)

Adjusted2

(95%CI)

Believe that social distancing and/or wearing a face mask is very or moderately effective for preventing the spread of COVID-19

Global

8.5 (7.3–10.6)

4.4 (3.4–6.4)

 

1.10 (1.08–1.13)

1.05 (1.04–1.07)

 

High income

8.4 (6.9–10.9)

6.6 (4.4–8.4)

 

1.10 (1.08–1.13)

1.07 (1.05–1.10)

 

Upper middle income

9.0 (5.9–15.1)

4.0 (2.8–7.2)

 

1.11 (1.06–1.20)

1.04 (1.03–1.09)

 

Low and lower middle income

8.4 (5.6–12.2)

2.8 (2.5–6.2)

 

1.09 (1.06–1.15)

1.03 (1.03–1.08)

 

Use of mask all or most of the time in public in the past 7 days

Global

10.3 (7.3–12.8)

3.8 (2.8–4.7)

3.4 (2.3–4.7)

1.14 (1.09–1.19)

1.05 (1.03–1.06)

1.04 (1.03–1.06)

High income

5.3 (3.7–7.9)

0.6 (−0.4–2.4)

1.2 (0.0–2.5)

1.09 (1.06–1.13)

1.01 (0.99–1.04)

1.02 (1.00–1.05)

Upper middle income

12.7 (7.4–19.3)

5.1 (3.4–6.9)

5.2 (3.5–7.3)

1.16 (1.08–1.30)

1.06 (1.04–1.10)

1.06 (1.04–1.11)

Low and lower middle income

15.8 (11.0–20.2)

4.9 (3.8–6.5)

4.2 (2.5–7.3)

1.24 (1.13–1.36)

1.07 (1.04–1.09)

1.05 (1.03–1.08)

Avoided contact with other people all or most of the time

Global

9.1 (6.7–11.2)

0.6 (−1.0–2.2)

0.5 (−1.0–1.7)

1.22 (1.16–1.29)

1.01 (0.98–1.05)

1.01 (0.98–1.04)

High income

1.2 (−1.7–4.6)

−2.2 (−4.8–-1.6)

−2.1 (−4.7–-0.5)

1.05 (0.95–1.11)

0.92 (0.87–0.97)

0.93 (0.87–0.99)

Upper middle income

11.7 (9.6–14.4)

0.9 (−1.4–4.1)

0.9 (− 1.1–3.5)

1.26 (1.19–1.35)

1.02 (0.98–1.10)

1.02 (0.98–1.07)

Low and lower middle income

14.9 (11.6–19.6)

5.7 (2.4–9.6)

5.4 (2.0–10.0)

1.39 (1.32–1.49)

1.11 (1.05–1.20)

1.12 (1.05–1.18)

Tested for COVID-19 in the last 14 days

Global

−0.7 (−1.9–0.3)

0.9 (0.4–1.6)

1.2 (0.4–2.0)

0.93 (0.87–1.02)

1.07 (1.03–1.12)

1.09 (1.02–1.16)

High income

0.8 (−1.4–2.2)

2.2 (0.8–4.5)

2.5 (1.0–4.3)

1.05 (0.90–1.17)

1.13 (1.05–1.29)

1.15 (1.06–1.31)

Upper middle income

−1.2 (−2.3–-0.3)

1.3 (0.1–2.0)

1.2 (0.3–2.3)

0.92 (0.86–0.98)

1.07 (1.01–1.14)

1.08 (1.02–1.19)

Low and lower middle income

−2.5 (−3.9–0.5)

0.3 (− 2.1–1.4)

0.0 (− 2.2–2.0)

0.84 (0.74–1.04)

1.02 (0.86–1.09)

1.00 (0.87–1.19)

  1. Notes: The first adjusted model (Adjusted) controlled for individual sociodemographic characteristics (age, sex, place of residence, and household overcrowding). The second adjusted model (Adjusted2) controlled for these characteristics plus the presence of health risk factors and COVID-like symptoms. Adjusted2 estimates are not available for the variable “Believe that social distancing and/or wearing a face mask is very or moderately effective for preventing the spread of COVID-19” due to small samples sizes causing low model convergence