Refining index to measure physical activity inequality: which group of the population is the most vulnerable?

Widyastari, Dyah Anantalia; Khanawapee, Aunyarat; Charoenrom, Wanisara; Saonuam, Pairoj; Katewongsa, Piyawat

doi:10.1186/s12939-022-01725-1

International Journal for Equity in Health

Table 3 Inequality in the average cumulative minutes of MVPA of the Thai population: 2019–2021

From: Refining index to measure physical activity inequality: which group of the population is the most vulnerable?

Characteristics	SPA2019						SPA2020						SPA2021						Relative diff (Gini)
	(n = 6,331)						(n = 6,756)						(n = 6,344)						Relative diff (Gini)
	Mean	S.D	95% CI		Mean diff. test	Gini	Mean	S.D	95% CI		Mean diff. test	Gini	Mean	S.D	95% CI		Mean diff. test	Gini	2019–2020	2019–2021
	Mean	S.D	Lower	Upper	Mean diff. test	Gini	Mean	S.D	Lower	Upper	Mean diff. test	Gini	Mean	S.D	Lower	Upper	Mean diff. test	Gini	2019–2020	2019–2021
*Overall MVPA (min/week)*	559	682	542	576		0.416	506	654	491	522		0.440	496	610	481	511		0.487	5.8	17.1
*Sex*
Male	614	589	589	639	6.265 ***	0.453	583	695	560	607	9.795 ***	0.466	531	614	509	554	3.576 ***	0.490	3.0	8.3
Female	507	656	480	529	6.265 ***	0.440	432	597	411	452	9.795 ***	0.448	472	605	451	493	3.576 ***	0.448	1.8	1.8
*Age group (years)*
Yong adult (18–24)	486	616	438	535	22.289 ***	0.522	535	691	498	573	5.173 ***	0.504	443	595	404	481	11.715 ***	0.520	-3.5	-0.3
Prime working age (25–59)	599	705	578	620		0.433	507	647	489	525		0.452	524	618	505	543		0.480	4.4	10.7
Older adults (60 +)	475	628	443	507		0.390	433	590	375	491		0.549	461	589	425	496		0.531	40.7	36.2
*Region*
North	431	595	399	463	66.648 ***	0.476	504	652	474	534	5.718 ***	0.471	535	660	503	567	4.983 **	0.511	-0.9	7.4
Central	727	784	687	767		0.466	497	664	468	526		0.478	500	621	472	527		0.505	2.4	8.3
Northeast	453	590	424	482		0.464	572	676	530	614		0.465	512	589	471	553		0.512	0.1	10.3
South	688	743	649	728		0.471	533	654	491	574		0.473	502	551	464	541		0.482	0.4	2.4
Bangkok	398	485	357	439		0.492	434	595	393	476		0.514	424	548	388	461		0.514	4.5	4.3
*Area of residence*
Urban	503	618	482	524	-7.017 ***	0.422	490	645	471	509	-2.294 ***	0.453	476	596	458	495	-3.247 **	0.489	7.3	15.9
Rural	625	745	598	652	-7.017 ***	0.460	543	666	515	571	-2.294 ***	0.467	546	633	519	574	-3.247 **	0.496	1.5	7.9
*Occupation*
Agriculture	814	789	766	862	83.114 ***	0.452	698	717	631	766	17.519 ***	0.463	617	668	561	672	17.018 ***	0.495	2.5	9.7
Formal sector	484	606	449	520		0.387	474	626	450	498		0.460	461	544	439	484		0.486	18.8	25.7
Informal sector	611	749	582	639		0.461	534	674	508	559		0.458	553	683	524	582		0.502	-0.6	8.8
Unemployed	351	410	330	371		0.441	423	602	381	466		0.522	418	534	386	450		0.534	18.3	21.1
*Education*
Primary or lower	576	712	549	603	8.517	0.460	523	694	472	575	8.872	0.530	492	682	451	533	5.256	0.537	15.2	16.8
Secondary	585	698	557	614	***	0.464	560	691	533	588	***	0.458	531	649	502	559	**	0.504	-1.2	8.5
Higher	473	572	442	505		0.445	468	612	447	488		0.452	484	554	464	503		0.470	1.5	5.6
*Have a debilitating* *chronic disease*
Yes	520	649	491	549	-3.078	0.457	569	675	536	601	4.463	0.461	509	646	481	537	0.945	0.510	0.8	11.5
No	576	695	555	596	**	0.435	487	644	496	505	***	0.455	496	591	478	514		0.484	4.5	11.1
*Income (baht per month)*
No Income	315	390	291	339	32.448 ***	0.370	n.a	n.a	n.a	n.a	n.a	n.a	382	530	334	430	7.685 ***	0.551	n.a	48.6
< 3,500	387	419	323	451		0.488	n.a	n.a	n.a	n.a		n.a	476	666	427	526		0.548	n.a	12.4
3,500—10,000	532	670	491	573		0.495	n.a	n.a	n.a	n.a		n.a	544	647	513	576		0.497	n.a	0.5
10,001 – 15,000	562	704	511	613		0.517	n.a	n.a	n.a	n.a		n.a	531	653	492	570		0.515	n.a	-0.3
15,001 – 30,000	562	688	508	615		0.506	n.a	n.a	n.a	n.a		n.a	486	582	453	520		0.495	n.a	-2.3
30,001 – 50,000	562	652	468	655		0.513	n.a	n.a	n.a	n.a		n.a	541	544	491	592		0.474	n.a	-7.8
> 50,000	550	821	400	700		0.565	n.a	n.a	n.a	n.a		n.a	497	495	451	544		0.470	n.a	-16.9
*Exposed to PA campaign*
Yes	556	637	528	584	-0.181	0.443	550	647	521	580	3.380 **	0.444	542	628	519	564	5.642 ***	0.475	0.1	7.1
No	560	701	539	580	-0.181	0.440	490	655	471	508	3.380 **	0.456	455	590	435	475	5.642 ***	0.508	3.7	15.4
*Joined the PA campaign*
Yes	583	627	525	640	0.847	0.439	n.a	n.a	n.a	n.a	n.a	n.a	538	604	495	581	2.034	0.487	n.a	10.9
No	557	686	539	574	0.847	0.425	n.a	n.a	n.a	n.a	n.a	n.a	490	611	474	506	2.034	0.491	n.a	15.5
*Have access to PA facilities*
Yes	482	612	460	504	-8.387	0.439	n.a	n.a	n.a	n.a	n.a	n.a	509	615	491	526	2.813 **	0.475	n.a	8.2
No	624	730	599	648	***	0.449	n.a	n.a	n.a	n.a	n.a	n.a	459	594	430	488	2.813 **	0.534	n.a	18.9

Notes: No response was excluded from the analysis. Formal sector employees include (1) civil servants, (2) politicians, (3) officers, (4) factory workers, and (5) retired civil servants. Informal sector employees include (1) freelancers, (2) professional athletes. Sufficient MVPA: an accumulation of 75 min of vigorous PA per week or a 150-min combination of vigorous and moderate PA per week. Abbreviations: MVPA Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, SPA Surveillance on physical activity. Mean difference test was performed by using independent t-test (2 categories variable) and one way ANOVA (> 2 categories variable). *significant at p-value 0.05, ** significant at p-value 0.01, *** significant at p-value 0.001

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