Fig. 3

Curves of new cases per million and mortality per million of two COVID-19 waves. Note: New cases per million of the first wave and New cases per million of the second wave refer to main axis (left). Mortality per million of the first wave and Mortality per million of the second wave refer to secondary axis (right). ①. On 3 Mar 2020, the UK launched a four-stage plan to combat the COVID-19;②. On 23 Mar 2020, the UK entered into a three-week national lockdown;③. On 17Apr 2020, the lockdown was extended;④. On 11 May 2020, a gradual easing of the blockade in three stages was announced;⑤. On 19 June 2020, the COVID-19 alert level was lowered;⑥. On 7 Jul 2020, massive lockdown lifting across England;⑦. On 14 Oct 2020, a tier-three lockdown was implemented;⑧. On 5 Nov 2020, the second lockdown in four weeks was imposed in England;⑨. On 2 Dec 2020, the lockdown was fully lifted; Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine was approved;⑩. On 8 Dec 2020, vaccination started;⑪. On 5 Jan 2021, the third round of COVID-19 lockdown measure was launched;⑫. On 29 Mar 2021, the UK entered the first phase of lifting the lockdown;⑬. On 12 Apr 2021, the UK moved into phase two to lift lockdown