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Table 1 Distribution of sociodemographic characteristics of the sample, prevalence of depression and corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI), and Adjusted Prevalence ratio (AdjPR) and CI95% of symptoms of depression by citizenship (Italian or PFPM), by demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. PASSI 2014–2018 (n = 144,005)

From: Social determinants of mental health in Italy: the role of education in the comparison of migrant and Italian residents

 

Italian population (25-69yy)

(n = 136,514)

PFPM population (25-69yy)

(n = 7491)

Characteristics

Distribution

(95% CI) (%)

Depression

(95% CI) (%)

Adj PRa

(95%CI)

p-value

Distribution

(95% CI) (%)

Depression

(95% CI) (%)

Adj PRa

(95%CI)

p-value

Overall

6.3 (6.1–6.4)

4.9 (4.4–5.5)

  

Age group

 25–34

18.0 (17.9–18.1)

4.4 (4.1–4.8)

  

28.8 (27.7–30.0)

4.6 (3.7–5.8)

  

 35–49

37.2 (37.1–37.3)

5.4 (5.1–5.7)

  

48.3 (47.0–49.6)

4.3 (3.6–5.0)

  

 50–69

44.8 (44.7–44.9)

7.7 (7.5–8.0)

  

22.9 (21.9–24.0)

6.6 (5.4–8.1)

  

Age, continuous

1.011

0.000

1.009

0.125

Gender

 Male

49.6 (49.5–49.8)

4.7 (4.5–4.9)

1.000

39.4 (38.2–40.6)

3.7 (3.0–4.5)

1.000

 

 Female

50.4 (50.2–50.5)

7.8 (7.6–8.1)

1.493

0.000

60.6 (59.4–61.9)

5.7 (5.0–6.6)

1.570

0.002

Educational attainment

 Up to primary school

7.0 (6.8–7.2)

13.3 (12.2–14.5)

1.000

9.6 (8.8–10.5)

4.7 (3.3–6.7)

1.000

 Lower secondary school

29.3 (29.0–29.7)

8.0 (7.6–8.4)

0.832

0.000

35.6 (34.3–36.9)

3.9 (3.1–4.8)

0.975

0.909

 Higher secondary school

45.0 (44.6–45.3)

5.0 (4.8–5.2)

0.708

0.000

42.2 (40.9–43.5)

5.7 (4.9–6.8)

1.505

0.064

 Tertiary education

18.7 (18.5–19.0)

4.3 (4.0–4.6)

0.739

0.000

12.6 (11.7–13.5)

5.6 (4.2–7.5)

1.614

0.064

Economic difficulties

 None

46.0 (45.7–46.4)

3.6 (3.4–3.8)

1.000

28.9 (27.7–30.1)

3.2 (2.4–4.2)

1.000

 Some

40.1 (39.8–40.5)

6.2 (5.9–6.5)

1.678

0.000

47.7 (46.4–49.0)

4.3 (3.6–5.1)

1.427

0.039

 Many

13.9 (13.6–14.1)

15.3 (14.6–16.1)

3.784

0.000

23.5 (22.3–24.7)

8.3 (7.0–9.8)

3.000

0.000

Living alone

 No

90.1 (89.9–90.3)

6.1 (5.8–6.2)

1.000

90.6 (89.8–91.4)

4.7 (4.2–5.3)

1.000

 Yes

10.0 (9.8–10.2)

8.5 (7.9–9.2)

1.336

0.000

9.4 (8.6–10.2)

6.9 (5.1–9.4)

1.382

0.082

Employment

 Employed

63.7 (63.4–64.0)

4.5 (4.3–4.7)

1.000

66.9 (65.6–68.1)

3.9 (3.4–4.6)

1.000

 Searching for work

8.1 (7.9–8.3)

9.7 (9.0–10.5)

1.440

0.000

14.9 (14.0–15.9)

8.3 (6.6–10.4)

1.598

0.002

 Inactive

28.2 (28.0–28.5)

9.3 (8.9–9.7)

1.346

0.000

18.2 (17.2–19.3)

5.8 (4.6–7.2)

1.324

0.080

Geographic area of residence

 North

37.6 (37.5–37.7)

6.4 (6.1–6.6)

1.000

57.5 (56.3–58.8)

5.4 (4.7–6.1)

1.000

 Centre

22.7 (22.6–22.8)

5.5 (5.2–5.7)

0.768

0.000

32.6 (31.4–33.8)

4.6 (3.7–5.7)

0.779

0.062

 South and Islands

39.7 (39.6–39.8)

6.7 (6.3–7.0)

0.706

0.000

9.9 (9.0–10.9)

3.5 (2.2–5.3)

0.426

0.000

Length of stay in Italy

 0–4 years

7.6 (7.0–8.3)

2.8 (1.7–4.6)

1.000

 5–9 years

22.3 (21.2–23.3)

4.1 (3.1–5.3)

1.645

0.106

 10 years and over

70.1 (69.0–71.3)

5.5 (4.8–6.2)

2.233

0.005

  1. aAdjPR Prevalence Ratio (Poisson) adjusted for socio-demographic variables (age in years, sex, geographical area of residence, educational attainment, economic difficulties, living alone, employment and length of stay for immigrants)