Trajectories of socioeconomic inequality in early child development: a cohort analysis

Houweling, Tanja A. J.; Oude Groeniger, Joost; Jansen, Pauline W.; van Lier, Pol; Horoz, Nil; Buil, Marieke; van Lenthe, Frank J.

doi:10.1186/s12939-022-01675-8

International Journal for Equity in Health

Table 3 Socioeconomic inequalities in socioemotional development from ages 1.5 to 9 years

From: Trajectories of socioeconomic inequality in early child development: a cohort analysis

	Age 1.5 years		Age 3 years		Age 5 years		Age 9 years		Diff. between ages 1.5 and 9 years
	B (95%CI)	p-value	B (95%CI)	p-value	B (95%CI)	p-value	B (95%CI)	p-value	B (95%CI)	p-value
Internalizing problem behavior
Girls
High SEP	Ref.		Ref.		Ref.		Ref.		Ref.
Middle SEP	0.22 (0.13;0.32)	<.001	0.18 (0.08;0.28)	<.001	0.09 (−0.01;0.19)	.065	0.04 (− 0.07;0.14)	.524	− 0.19 (− 0.31;-0.06)	.003
Low SEP	0.72 (0.51;0.95)	<.001	0.54 (0.34;0.74)	<.001	0.26 (0.09;0.44)	.003	0.26 (0.04;0.47)	.018	−0.47 (− 0.74;-0.20)	<.001
Boys
High SEP	Ref.		Ref.		Ref.		Ref.		Ref.
Middle SEP	0.30 (0.20;0.40)	<.001	0.23 (0.13;0.33)	<.001	0.20 (0.10;0.30)	<.001	0.09 (−0.02;0.20)	.394	−0.21 (− 0.34;-0.08)	.002
Low SEP	0.55 (0.36;0.75)	<.001	0.55 (0.35;0.74)	<.001	0.31 (0.13;0.50)	.001	0.09 (−0.12;0.31)	.111	−0.46 (− 0.74;-0.18)	.002
Difference girls-boys ()*
High SEP	Ref.		Ref.		Ref.		Ref.		Ref.
Middle SEP	0.07 (−0.07;0.21)	.306	0.05 (−0.09;0.19)	.474	0.11 (−0.03;0.25)	.134	.06 (−0.10;0.21)	.486	−0.02 (− 0.20;0.16)	.846
Low SEP	−0.17 (− 0.47;0.12)	.247	0.003 (− 0.28;0.29)	.979	0.05 (− 0.20;0.30)	.694	−0.17 (− 0.47;0.14)	.284	0.01 (− 0.38;0.40)	.964
Externalizing problem behavior
Girls
High SEP	Ref.		Ref.		Ref.		Ref.		Ref.
Middle SEP	0.14 (0.05;0.24)	.003	0.16 (0.07;0.26)	.001	0.16 (0.07;0.26)	.001	0.01 (−0.09;0.11)	.807	−.13 (− 0.25;-0.16)	.026
Low SEP	0.25 (0.10;0.40)	.001	0.25 (0.07;0.43)	.006	0.25 (0.08;0.42)	.004	−0.02 (− 0.21;0.18)	.864	−.26 (− 0.48;-0.05)	.014
Boys
High SEP	Ref.		Ref.
Middle SEP	0.24 (0.14;0.33)	<.001	0.27 (0.17;0.37)	<.001	0.22 (0.12;0.32)	<.001	0.10 (0.00;0.21)	.049	−0.13 (−0.25;-0.01)	.029
Low SEP	0.27 (0.12;0.43)	.001	0.39 (0.21;0.57)	<.001	0.22 (0.07;0.37)	.005	0.10 (−0.10;0.29)	.341	−0.18 (− 0.41;0.05)	.133
Difference girls-boys ()*
High SEP	Ref.		Ref.		Ref.		Ref.
Middle SEP	0.09 (−0.04;0.23)	.168	0.10 (−0.04;0.24)	.147	0.05 (−0.08;0.19)	.449	0.09(−0.05;0.24)	.207	−0.002 (− 0.13;0.14)	.977
Low SEP	0.02 (−0.19;0.24)	.826	0.14 (−0.11;0.39)	.279	−0.03 (− 0.26;0.20)	.775	0.11 (− 0.16;0.39)	.426	0.09 (− 0.22;0.40)	.578

Note:The betas give the difference in problem behavior between socioeconomic groups at each age. Difference are expressed in number of standard deviations. For example, a B of 0.5 for low SEP at age 3 years means that, at this age, problem behavior of children of mothers with low education is 0.5 standard deviation higher than that of children of mothers with a high education
(*) This gives the difference between boys and girls in the magnitude of socioeconomic inequality in the outcome, for each age

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