Income inequality and self-rated health status in Colombia

Góngora-Salazar, Pamela; Casabianca, María Sofía; Rodríguez-Lesmes, Paul

doi:10.1186/s12939-022-01659-8

International Journal for Equity in Health

Table 4 Effect of Income Inequality on Individual Health Status: Average Marginal Effects from Probit Models Reported

From: Income inequality and self-rated health status in Colombia

	Dependent Variable: 1 if "Fair" or "Poor" reported health status
Inequality measure:	Gini coefficient		GE (0)		GE (1)		GE (2)
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)
Inequality	0.33	0.54^a	0.12	0.30^a	0.12	0.18^b	0.014	0.022
Inequality	(0.67)	(3.00)	(0.50)	(3.08)	(0.62)	(2.44)	(0.38)	(1.14)
Region Mean Income	-0.038^b	-0.051^a	-0.039^c	-0.048^a	-0.039^c	-0.053^a	-0.041^c	-0.057^a
	(1.96)	(4.02)	(1.93)	(3.54)	(1.90)	(4.02)	(1.76)	(3.88)
Household income
Q1		-0.082^a		-0.081^a		-0.083^a		-0.085^a
Q1		(5.23)		(5.21)		(5.26)		(5.35)
Q2		-0.081^a		-0.082^a		-0.082^a		-0.085^a
Q2		(6.68)		(6.58)		(6.74)		(6.71)
Q3		-0.006		-0.006		-0.006		-0.006
Q3		(0.75)		(0.74)		(0.76)		(0.78)
Q4		-0.036^a		-0.036^a		-0.036^a		-0.036^a
Q4		(7.95)		(7.86)		(7.90)		(7.83)
Q5		-0.003^a		-0.003^a		-0.003^a		-0.003^a
Q5		(4.94)		(4.95)		(4.94)		(4.87)
Age/100		1.05^a		1.05^a		1.05^a		1.04^b
Age/100		(21.19)		(21.45)		(21.16)		(21.02)
(Age/100)²		-0.30^a		-0.30^a		-0.30^a		-0.30^a
(Age/100)²		(6.69)		(6.67)		(6.63)		(6.52)
Household size		0.005^a		0.005^a		0.005^a		0.005^a
Household size		(4.73)		(4.90)		(4.83)		(4.95)
Male		-0.066^a		-0.066^a		-0.067^a		-0.067^a
Male		(21.61)		(21.46)		(21.47)		(21.32)
Ethnicity		0.011		0.012		0.011		0.013^c
Ethnicity		(1.38)		(1.51)		(1.36)		(1.65)
Married		0.002		0.001		0.002		0.002
Married		(0.38)		(0.30)		(0.40)		(0.38)
Widowed		-0.002		-0.002		-0.002		-0.002
Widowed		(0.24)		(0.31)		(0.25)		(0.28)
Contributory regime		-0.028^a		-0.028^a		-0.028^a		-0.028^a
Contributory regime		(6.90)		(6.98)		(6.93)		(6.86)
Subsidized regime		0.019^a		0.019^a		0.020^a		0.020^a
Subsidized regime		(5.10)		(5.06)		(5.24)		(5.54)
Less high school		0.003		0.003		0.003		0.003
Less high school		(0.55)		(0.52)		(0.55)		(0.54)
Technical education or some college		-0.066^a		-0.066^a		-0.066^a		-0.066^a
Technical education or some college		(9.10)		(9.20)		(9.06)		(9.07)
College or advanced degree		-0.12^a		-0.12^a		-0.12^a		-0.12
College or advanced degree		(13.25)		(13.37)		(12.97)		(12.80)
Employed		-0.056^a		-0.055^a		-0.055^a		-0.055^a
Employed		(20.35)		(19.90)		(20.12)		(19.50)
Urban		0.0005		0.0006		0.0001		0.0003
Urban		(0.01)		(0.13)		(0.03)		(0.08)
Owner-occupied		0.003		0.003		0.004		0.004
Owner-occupied		(1.13)		(1.18)		(1.28)		(1.53)
Household head		0.007^a		0.007^a		0.007^a		0.007^a
Household head		(2.99)		(2.97)		(3.01)		(3.01)
Plus department socio-economic development	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes
Wald chi-squared	737	32,481		33,081		34,012		36,375
P-value	0.000	0.000		0.000		0.000		0.000
Pseudo R2	0.024	0.119	0.008	0.120	0.008	0.120	0.008	0.119

Absolute t-statistics are reported in parentheses. ^a denotes significance at 1%, ^b at 5%, and ^c at 10%. All ordered-probit models were estimated with standard errors adjusted for clustering at regional level. Since Colombia has a universal health insurance scheme, dummies for the most prominent health insurance regimes (contributory and subsidized) were included instead of a general-health insurance indicator. All estimations include year dummies

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