Table 2 Standardized unadjusted and adjusted coefficients (from the parallel mediation model) of associations between socioeconomic status (SES) and mediators, and between mediators and loneliness, including indirect effects of the different SES – mediator – loneliness paths
SES - > Mediator | Unadjusted Coefficient (95% CI) | Adjusted Coefficient (95% CI) | Mediator - > Loneliness | Unadjusted Coefficient (95% CI) | Adjusted Coefficient (95% CI) | Unadjusted Indirect Effect Std Estimate (95% Bootstrap CI) | Adjusted Indirect Effect Std Estimate (95% Bootstrap CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mediators - Psychosocial resources | |||||||
 SES - > emotional support | 0.46 (0.31, 0.61) | 0.71 (0.49, 1.00) | emotional support - > loneliness | −0.33 (− 0.40, − 0.27) | − 0.25 (− 0.34, − 0.14) | − 0.15 (− 0.21, − 0.10) | −0.18 (− 0.29, − 0.09) |
 SES - > tangible support | 0.41 (0.28, 0.55) | 0.56 (0.35, 0.82) | tangible support - > loneliness | − 0.26 (− 0.31, − 0.20) | −0.01 (− 0.10, 0.09) | − 0.10 (− 0.15, − 0.07) | − 0.01 (− 0.07, 0.07) |
 SES - > self-efficacy | 0.63 (0.49, 0.80) | 1.04 (0.75, 1.45) | self-efficacy - > loneliness | − 0.39 (− 0.47, − 0.32) | −0.27 (− 0.34, − 0.19) | −0.24 (− 0.33, − 0.17) | −0.28 (− 0.43, − 0.19) |
Mediators - Participation | |||||||
 SES - > restrictions | 0.71 (0.57, 0.89) | 1.56 (1.13, 2.21) | restrictions - > loneliness | − 0.20 (− 0.26, − 0.15) | −0.06 (− 0.14, 0.02) | −0.14 (− 0.20, − 0.10) | −0.10 (− 0.22, 0.04) |
 SES - > frequency | 0.75 (0.60, 0.94) | 1.50 (1.08, 1.97) | frequency - > loneliness | −0.06 (− 0.13, 0.00) | 0.04 (− 0.02, 0.12) | − 0.04 (− 0.10, 0.00) | 0.06 (− 0.04, 0.18) |
Mediators – Functioning and health | |||||||
 SES - > secondary conditions | −0.82 (−1.03, − 0.62) | −1.39 (− 1.96, − 0.99) | secondary conditions - > loneliness | 0.26 (0.20, 0.33) | 0.10 (0.02, 0.17) | −0.21 (− 0.30, − 0.14) | −0.13 (− 0.24, − 0.02) |
 SES - > functional independence | 0.53 (0.39, 0.70) | 1.20 (0.84, 1.70) | functional independence - > loneliness | −0.16 (− 0.22, − 0.10) | 0.02 (− 0.06, 0.08) | −0.09 (− 0.13, − 0.05) | 0.02 (− 0.07, 0.12) |