Table 1 Summary statistics of studied mothers (n = 600) and Congenital heart diseases distribution
From: Socioeconomic inequality in congenital heart diseases in Iran
Variable | N (%) | Congenital heart diseases distribution (n = 200) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | P-valuea | |||
Social variable | ||||
Socio-economic status | Poorest | 120 (20) | 98 (16.33) | < 0.001 |
Poorer | 120 (20) | 68 (11.33) | ||
Middle | 138 (23) | 20 (3.33) | ||
Richer | 109 (18.17) | 13 (2.17) | ||
Richest | 113 (18.83) | 1 (0.17) | ||
Mother’s education | Illiterate | 82 (13.67) | 64 (10.67) | < 0.001 |
Primary school | 111 (18.50) | 49 (8.17) | ||
Middle school | 144 (24.00) | 36 (6.00) | ||
High school | 143 (23.83) | 38 (6.33) | ||
University | 120 (20.00) | 13 (2.17) | ||
Father’s education | Illiterate | 33 (5.50) | 20 (3.33) | < 0.001 |
Primary school | 51 (8.50) | 36 (6.00) | ||
Middle school | 99 (16.50) | 40 (6.67) | ||
High school | 173 (28.83) | 55 (9.17) | ||
University | 244 (40.67) | 49 (8.17) | ||
Mother’s occupation | Housewife | 368 (61.33) | 163 (27.17) | < 0.001 |
Clerical jobs | 137 (22.83) | 14 (2.33) | ||
Non-clerical jobs | 95 (15.83) | 23 (3.83) | ||
Father’s occupation | Clerical jobs | 226 (37.67) | 37 (6.17) | < 0.001 |
Non-clerical jobs | 333 (55.50) | 152 (25.33) | ||
Unemployed | 41 (6.83) | 11 (1.83) | ||
Nationality | Iranian | 576 (96.00) | 187 (31.17) | 0.027 |
Non-Iranian | 24 (4.00) | 13 (2.17) | ||
Place of residence | Urban | 494 (82.33) | 127 (21.17) | < 0.001 |
Rural | 106 (17.67) | 73 (12.17) | ||
Number of children | One child | 202 (33.67) | 78 (13.00) | 0.043 |
Two children | 261 (43.50) | 87 (14.50) | ||
> = 3 children | 137 (22.83) | 35 (5.83) | ||
History of family marriage | Yes | 144 (24.00) | 83 (13.83) | < 0.001 |
No | 456 (76.00) | 117 (19.50) | ||
Medical/biological variables | ||||
Mother’s age at delivery time | ≤17 (yr) | 10 (1.67) | 10 (1.67) | < 0.001 |
18–28 (yr) | 202 (33.67) | 89 (14.83) | ||
29–39 (yr) | 309 (51.50) | 82 (13.67) | ||
> = 40 (yr) | 79 (13.17) | 19 (13.17) | ||
Father’s age | 17–25 (yr) | 46 (7.67) | 33 (5.50) | < 0.001 |
26–30 (yr) | 105 (17.50) | 37 (6.17) | ||
31–35 (yr) | 135 (22.50) | 59 (9.83) | ||
36–40 (yr) | 171 (28.50) | 33 (5.50) | ||
> 41 (yr) | 143 (23.83) | 38 (6.33) | ||
Parity number | 1 | 171 (28.50) | 55 (9.17) | 0.431 |
2 | 263 (43.83) | 83 (13.83) | ||
> = 3 | 166 (27.67) | 62 (10.33) | ||
Pregnancy care | Have | 478 (79.67) | 101 (16.83) | < 0.001 |
Not have | 122 (20.33) | 99 (16.50) | ||
History of abortion | Yes | 140 (23.33) | 114 (19.00) | < 0.001 |
No | 460 (76.67) | 140 (23.33) | ||
Chronic disease | Have | 195 (32.50) | 119 (33.33) | < 0.001 |
Not have | 405 (67.50) | 81 (13.50) | ||
Using folic acid | Yes | 482 (80.33) | 101 (16.83) | < 0.001 |
No | 118 (19.67) | 99 (16.50) | ||
Life style variable | ||||
Physical activity | Enough | 159 (67.37) | 103 (43.64) | < 0.001 |
Not enough | 77 (32.63) | 71 (30.08) | ||
Using alcohol | Yes | 122 (20.33) | 97 (16.17) | < 0.001 |
No | 478 (79.67) | 103 (17.17) | ||
Smoking | Yes | 111 (18.50) | 92 (15.33) | < 0.001 |
No | 489 (81.50) | 108 (18.00) | ||