Table 4 Principal cause of visual impairment and blindness by eye
From: Visual impairment and blindness in the Xingu Indigenous Park – Brazil
Mild visual impairment | Moderate visual impairment | Severe visual impairment | Blindness | Any impairment level | OVERALL | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 to 17 | 18 to 44 | 45 and more | 0 to 17 | 18 to 44 | 45 and more | 0 to 17 | 18 to 44 | 45 and more | 0 to 17 | 18 to 44 | 45 and more | 0 to 17 | 18 to 44 | 45 and more | ||
N(%) | N(%) | N(%) | N(%) | N(%) | N(%) | N(%) | N(%) | N(%) | N(%) | N(%) | N(%) | N(%) | N(%) | N(%) | N(%) | |
Cataract | 1 (4.35) | 3 (3.16) | 145 (55.77) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (2.63) | 32 (40.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 5 (100.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 56 (60.87) | 1 (2.86) | 4 (2.67) | 238 (54.46) | 243 (39.07) |
Uncorrected refractive errora | 10 (43.48) | 54 (56.84) | 65 (25.00) | 1 (16.67) | 17 (44.74) | 26 (32.50) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 2 (33.33) | 4 (23.53) | 2 (2.17) | 13 (37.14) | 75 (50.00) | 93 (21.28) | 181 (29.10) |
Retinal abnormalitiesb | 0 (0.00) | 6 (6.32) | 8 (3.08) | 0 (0.00) | 3 (7.89) | 3 (3.75) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 4 (23.53) | 10 (10.87) | 0 (0.00) | 13 (8.67) | 21 (4.81) | 34 (5.47) |
Amblyopia | 6 (26.09) | 6 (6.32) | 1 (0.38) | 3 (50.00) | 3 (7.89) | 2 (2.50) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (16.67) | 7 (41.18) | 0 (0.00) | 10 (28.57) | 16 (10.67) | 3 (0.69) | 29 (4.66) |
Corneal opacity / scar | 2 (8.70) | 4 (4.21) | 1 (0.38) | 2 (33.33) | 5 (13.16) | 2 (2.50) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 6 (6.52) | 4 (11.43) | 9 (6.00) | 9 (2.06) | 22 (3.54) |
Pterygium | 0 (0.00) | 3 (3.16) | 9 (3.46) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (2.63) | 5 (6.25) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (1.09) | 0 (0.00) | 4 (2.67) | 15 (3.43) | 19 (3.05) |
Posterior capsule opacity | 0 (0.00) | 2 (2.11) | 6 (2.31) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 3 (3.26) | 0 (0.00) | 2 (1.33) | 9 (2.06) | 11 (1.77) |
Glaucoma | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 4 (4.35) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 4 (0.92) | 4 (0.64) |
Absent globe | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (1.09) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (0.23) | 1 (0.16) |
Other causes | 4 (17.39) | 17 (17.89) | 25 (9.62) | 0 (0.00) | 8 (12.50) | 10 (12.50) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 3 (50.00) | 2 (11.76) | 9 (9.78) | 7 (20.00) | 27 (10.07) | 44 (10.07) | 78 (12.54) |
Total | 23 (100.00) | 95 (100.00) | 260 (100.00) | 6 (100.00) | 38 (100.00) | 80 (100.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 5 (100.00) | 6 (100.00) | 17 (100.00) | 92 (100.00) | 35 (100.00) | 150 (100.00) | 437 (100.00) | 622 (100.00) |