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Table 3 Determinants of financial risk protection in Iraq, 2007 and 2012

From: Equity and determinants in universal health coverage indicators in Iraq, 2000–2030: a national and subnational study

Characteristics

Odds Ratio (95% Credible Interval)

Catastrophic health expenditure

Impoverishment

Household head age

1.00 (1.00–1.00)

1.00 (0.99–1.00)

Household head gender

 Male

1.0

1.0

 Female

1.21 (1.09–1.34)

0.87 (0.68–1.10)

Household head’s education a

 No education

1.00

1.00

 Primary

1.04 (0.95–1.13)

0.77 (0.64–0.92)

 Secondary

0.71 (0.61–0.81)

0.40 (0.31–0.52)

 Higher

0.68 (0.57–0.81)

0.21 (0.17–0.26)

 Other

0.92 (0.81–1.04)

3.68 (1.62–6.73)

Household member

 Number of under-5

0.99 (0.96–1.02)

1.20 (1.15–1.25)

 Number of over-65

1.44 (1.36–1.53)

1.09 (0.93–1.26)

Household wealth quintile

 Q1 (Poorest)

1.00

 

 Q2

1.31 (1.25–1.38)

NA

 Q3

1.51 (1.42–1.61)

NA

 Q4

1.79 (1.67–1.91)

NA

 Q5 (Richest)

2.46 (2.30–2.62)

NA

Place of residence

 Urban

1.00

1.00

 Rural

1.17 (1.10–1.25)

1.22 (1.06–1.39)

Survey year

 2007

1.00

1.00

 2012

4.17 (3.86–4.49)

1.54 (1.33–1.80)

Variance (cov.)

 Level 2 (cluster)

0.32 (0.23–0.39)

0.16 (0.04–0.42)

 Level 3 (governorate)

0.06 (0.03–0.13)

0.06 (0.02–0.13)

  1. Note: NA Not applicable; a No education means Do not read and write, read only, can read and write or no diploma. Primary includes elementary and intermediate (mid school). Secondary includes preparatory, vocational, and institute diploma. Higher includes bachelor’s degree, high diploma, master’s degree, or doctorate degree