Variables | CESD-11 | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | P value | Female | P value | |||||||||
N | % | MEANS | ± | SD | N | % | MEANS | ± | SD | |||
TOTAL | 3,568 | 100 | 8.02 | ± | 9.06 | 298 | 100 | 15.77 | ± | 12.57 | ||
Change in material hardship (2008 → 2009) | ||||||||||||
No → No | 2,539 | 71.2 | 6.79 | ± | 8.05 | < .0001 | 142 | 47.7 | 14.14 | ± | 12.29 | 0.3803 |
No → Yes | 243 | 6.8 | 10.86 | ± | 10.32 | 20 | 6.7 | 19.18 | ± | 14.29 | ||
Yes → No | 403 | 11.3 | 9.56 | ± | 9.96 | 50 | 16.8 | 15.27 | ± | 12.12 | ||
Yes → Yes | 383 | 10.7 | 12.77 | ± | 11.08 | 86 | 28.9 | 17.95 | ± | 12.63 | ||
Prior year depression status (2008) | ||||||||||||
No | 2,924 | 82.0 | 6.31 | ± | 7.34 | < .0001 | 164 | 55.0 | 10.51 | ± | 10.47 | < .0001 |
Yes | 644 | 18.0 | 15.79 | ± | 11.67 | 134 | 45.0 | 22.20 | ± | 11.96 | ||
Age (years) | ||||||||||||
19–29 | 280 | 7.8 | 7.03 | ± | 8.88 | 0.1147 | 22 | 7.4 | 17.44 | ± | 14.97 | 0.0156 |
30–39 | 740 | 20.7 | 6.05 | ± | 7.18 | 21 | 7.0 | 9.61 | ± | 10.65 | ||
40–49 | 752 | 21.1 | 7.55 | ± | 9.02 | 34 | 11.4 | 12.78 | ± | 10.82 | ||
50–59 | 535 | 15.0 | 8.44 | ± | 9.74 | 40 | 13.4 | 14.18 | ± | 12.82 | ||
60–69 | 624 | 17.5 | 8.73 | ± | 9.51 | 48 | 16.1 | 21.63 | ± | 13.38 | ||
≥ 70 | 637 | 17.9 | 10.26 | ± | 9.49 | 133 | 44.6 | 15.58 | ± | 11.80 | ||
Region | ||||||||||||
Metropolitan | 1,508 | 42.3 | 8.14 | ± | 9.35 | 0.0617 | 126 | 42.3 | 16.46 | ± | 13.63 | 0.2671 |
Rural | 2,060 | 57.7 | 7.93 | ± | 8.84 | 172 | 57.7 | 15.25 | ± | 11.75 | ||
Education level | ||||||||||||
Middle school or under | 1,299 | 36.4 | 9.99 | ± | 9.85 | 0.1855 | 225 | 75.5 | 16.47 | ± | 12.34 | 0.0614 |
High school | 1,280 | 35.9 | 7.63 | ± | 8.79 | 44 | 14.8 | 14.79 | ± | 13.42 | ||
College or above | 989 | 27.7 | 5.93 | ± | 7.68 | 29 | 9.7 | 11.79 | ± | 12.67 | ||
Marital status | ||||||||||||
Living w spouse | 2,726 | 76.4 | 7.42 | ± | 8.36 | < .0001 | 73 | 24.5 | 13.60 | ± | 12.55 | 0.4768 |
Living w/o spouse | 842 | 23.6 | 9.96 | ± | 10.78 | 225 | 75.5 | 16.47 | ± | 12.53 | ||
Income level | ||||||||||||
Low | 840 | 23.5 | 10.95 | ± | 10.25 | 0.0195 | 111 | 37.2 | 18.85 | ± | 12.72 | 0.1082 |
Lower middle | 867 | 24.3 | 8.65 | ± | 9.42 | 85 | 28.5 | 16.49 | ± | 12.15 | ||
Upper middle | 883 | 24.7 | 7.17 | ± | 8.17 | 63 | 21.1 | 12.78 | ± | 11.57 | ||
High | 978 | 27.4 | 5.71 | ± | 7.51 | 39 | 13.1 | 10.21 | ± | 12.13 | ||
NBLGS* status | ||||||||||||
Non-beneficiary | 3,255 | 91.2 | 7.38 | ± | 8.39 | 0.0003 | 217 | 72.8 | 14.38 | ± | 12.06 | 0.0976 |
Beneficiary | 313 | 8.8 | 14.73 | ± | 12.42 | 81 | 27.2 | 19.48 | ± | 13.22 | ||
Current smoking status | ||||||||||||
Non-smoker | 2,159 | 60.5 | 8.32 | ± | 9.18 | < .0001 | 195 | 65.4 | 15.79 | ± | 12.65 | 0.4713 |
Current smoker | 1,409 | 39.5 | 7.57 | ± | 8.84 | 103 | 34.6 | 15.73 | ± | 12.49 | ||
Alcohol consumption | ||||||||||||
Non-drinkers | 860 | 24.1 | 10.35 | ± | 10.34 | 0.0013 | 167 | 56.0 | 17.00 | ± | 12.08 | 0.1284 |
Once a week or less | 1,260 | 35.3 | 6.97 | ± | 8.34 | 93 | 31.2 | 11.98 | ± | 11.77 | ||
2–3 times a week | 825 | 23.1 | 7.08 | ± | 8.46 | 21 | 7.0 | 20.00 | ± | 13.80 | ||
More than 4 times a week | 623 | 17.5 | 8.19 | ± | 8.73 | 17 | 5.7 | 19.14 | ± | 15.85 | ||
Disability status | ||||||||||||
Not disabled | 3,117 | 87.4 | 7.45 | ± | 8.59 | 0.0001 | 269 | 90.3 | 15.57 | ± | 12.65 | 0.1338 |
Disabled (no grade, grade 4–7) | 161 | 4.5 | 14.41 | ± | 11.87 | 8 | 2.7 | 11.82 | ± | 9.72 | ||
Disabled (grade 1–3) | 290 | 8.1 | 10.56 | ± | 10.31 | 21 | 7.0 | 19.74 | ± | 12.13 | ||
Chronic diseases | ||||||||||||
No | 1,868 | 52.4 | 6.49 | ± | 7.61 | < .0001 | 86 | 28.9 | 11.63 | ± | 11.93 | 0.0932 |
Yes | 1,700 | 47.6 | 9.70 | ± | 10.16 | 212 | 71.1 | 17.44 | ± | 12.47 |