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Table 1 Participants' general characteristics at the first change time point (2008 → 2009)

From: Effects of material hardship on depression among adults in South Korea: insights from by the Korea Welfare Panel Study 2008–2017

Variables

CESD-11

Male

P value

Female

P value

N

%

MEANS

 ± 

SD

N

%

MEANS

 ± 

SD

TOTAL

3,568

100

8.02

 ± 

9.06

 

298

100

15.77

 ± 

12.57

 

Change in material hardship (2008 → 2009)

 No → No

2,539

71.2

6.79

 ± 

8.05

 < .0001

142

47.7

14.14

 ± 

12.29

0.3803

 No → Yes

243

6.8

10.86

 ± 

10.32

 

20

6.7

19.18

 ± 

14.29

 

 Yes → No

403

11.3

9.56

 ± 

9.96

 

50

16.8

15.27

 ± 

12.12

 

 Yes → Yes

383

10.7

12.77

 ± 

11.08

 

86

28.9

17.95

 ± 

12.63

 

Prior year depression status (2008)

 No

2,924

82.0

6.31

 ± 

7.34

 < .0001

164

55.0

10.51

 ± 

10.47

 < .0001

 Yes

644

18.0

15.79

 ± 

11.67

 

134

45.0

22.20

 ± 

11.96

 

Age (years)

 19–29

280

7.8

7.03

 ± 

8.88

0.1147

22

7.4

17.44

 ± 

14.97

0.0156

 30–39

740

20.7

6.05

 ± 

7.18

 

21

7.0

9.61

 ± 

10.65

 

 40–49

752

21.1

7.55

 ± 

9.02

 

34

11.4

12.78

 ± 

10.82

 

 50–59

535

15.0

8.44

 ± 

9.74

 

40

13.4

14.18

 ± 

12.82

 

 60–69

624

17.5

8.73

 ± 

9.51

 

48

16.1

21.63

 ± 

13.38

 

  ≥ 70

637

17.9

10.26

 ± 

9.49

 

133

44.6

15.58

 ± 

11.80

 

Region

 Metropolitan

1,508

42.3

8.14

 ± 

9.35

0.0617

126

42.3

16.46

 ± 

13.63

0.2671

 Rural

2,060

57.7

7.93

 ± 

8.84

 

172

57.7

15.25

 ± 

11.75

 

Education level

 Middle school or under

1,299

36.4

9.99

 ± 

9.85

0.1855

225

75.5

16.47

 ± 

12.34

0.0614

 High school

1,280

35.9

7.63

 ± 

8.79

 

44

14.8

14.79

 ± 

13.42

 

 College or above

989

27.7

5.93

 ± 

7.68

 

29

9.7

11.79

 ± 

12.67

 

Marital status

 Living w spouse

2,726

76.4

7.42

 ± 

8.36

 < .0001

73

24.5

13.60

 ± 

12.55

0.4768

 Living w/o spouse

842

23.6

9.96

 ± 

10.78

 

225

75.5

16.47

 ± 

12.53

 

Income level

 Low

840

23.5

10.95

 ± 

10.25

0.0195

111

37.2

18.85

 ± 

12.72

0.1082

 Lower middle

867

24.3

8.65

 ± 

9.42

 

85

28.5

16.49

 ± 

12.15

 

 Upper middle

883

24.7

7.17

 ± 

8.17

 

63

21.1

12.78

 ± 

11.57

 

 High

978

27.4

5.71

 ± 

7.51

 

39

13.1

10.21

 ± 

12.13

 

NBLGS* status

 Non-beneficiary

3,255

91.2

7.38

 ± 

8.39

0.0003

217

72.8

14.38

 ± 

12.06

0.0976

 Beneficiary

313

8.8

14.73

 ± 

12.42

 

81

27.2

19.48

 ± 

13.22

 

Current smoking status

 Non-smoker

2,159

60.5

8.32

 ± 

9.18

 < .0001

195

65.4

15.79

 ± 

12.65

0.4713

 Current smoker

1,409

39.5

7.57

 ± 

8.84

 

103

34.6

15.73

 ± 

12.49

 

Alcohol consumption

 Non-drinkers

860

24.1

10.35

 ± 

10.34

0.0013

167

56.0

17.00

 ± 

12.08

0.1284

 Once a week or less

1,260

35.3

6.97

 ± 

8.34

 

93

31.2

11.98

 ± 

11.77

 

 2–3 times a week

825

23.1

7.08

 ± 

8.46

 

21

7.0

20.00

 ± 

13.80

 

 More than 4 times a week

623

17.5

8.19

 ± 

8.73

 

17

5.7

19.14

 ± 

15.85

 

Disability status

 Not disabled

3,117

87.4

7.45

 ± 

8.59

0.0001

269

90.3

15.57

 ± 

12.65

0.1338

 Disabled (no grade, grade 4–7)

161

4.5

14.41

 ± 

11.87

 

8

2.7

11.82

 ± 

9.72

 

 Disabled (grade 1–3)

290

8.1

10.56

±

10.31

 

21

7.0

19.74

±

12.13

 

Chronic diseases

 No

1,868

52.4

6.49

 ± 

7.61

 < .0001

86

28.9

11.63

 ± 

11.93

0.0932

 Yes

1,700

47.6

9.70

 ± 

10.16

 

212

71.1

17.44

 ± 

12.47

 
  1. *NBLGS the National Basic Livelihood Guarantee System