Socio-economic inequality in anthropometric failure among children aged under 5 years in India: evidence from the Comprehensive National Nutrition Survey 2016–18

Table 5 Association between socio-demographic characteristics with CIAF among infants in India, CNNS 2016–18

Covariates	Composite indicator of anthropometric failure (CIAF)
Covariates	UOR^a	AOR^b
Household Characteristics
Wealth Index
Poorest	4.31 (3.92–4.72)***	2.41 (2.12–2.75)***
Poor	3.01 (2.78–3.25)***	2.00 (1.81–2.22)***
Middle	2.18 (2.04–2.33)***	1.65 (1.53–1.79)***
Rich	1.62 (1.53–1.73)***	1.42 (1.33–1.52)***
Richest	Ref	Ref
Place of Residence
Urban	Ref	Ref
Rural	0.69 (0.66–0.72)***	1.06 (1.00–1.11)*
Caste
SC/ST	1.29 (1.23–1.36)***	1.06 (1.01–1.12)**
General/OBC	Ref	Ref
Maternal Covariates
Mother’s BMI
Underweight	1.76 (1.65–1.87)***	1.51 (1.42–1.61)***
Normal	Ref	Ref
Overweight/obese	0.56 (0.53–0.60)***	0.7 (0.65–0.74)***
Mother’s Education
Uneducated	2.09 (1.97–2.21)***	1.26 (1.18–1.35)***
Educated	Ref	Ref
Mother’s Employment Status
Non-working	Ref	Ref
Working	1.28 (1.21–1.35)***	1.05 (0.99–1.11)*
Mother’s Age
< 25 years	1.16 (1.1–1.22)***	1.04 (0.98–1.1)
> =25 years	Ref	Ref
Mother’s Access to Information
No	Ref	Ref
Yes	0.48 (0.46–0.51)***	0.87 (0.81–0.93)***
Mother’s Parity
1–2	Ref	Ref
3 or more	1.52 (1.44–1.60)***	1.15 (1.08–1.22)***
Child Covariates
Age (in years)
0–2	Ref	Ref
2–4	1.06 (1.01–1.11)**	1.07 (1.02–1.12)**
Sex of Child
Male	1.06 (1.01–1.11)**	1.07 (1.02–1.12)**
Female	Ref	Ref
Morbidity in Past 2 Weeks
No	Ref	Ref
Yes	1.13 (1.08–1.18)***	1.07 (1.02–1.13)***

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