Table 1 Summary of the GM scientific publications that were reviewed

[16]

Sex-specific analysis of hemodialysis prevalence, practices, and mortality over time: The Austrian Dialysis Registry from 1965 to 2014

Sex/gender and health outcomes: renal failure

• Women with renal failure were less likely to undergo hemodialysis.

• Lower rates of kidney transplant in women.

• Higher mortality for men with ESRD compared to women.

• Higher mortality due to dialysis access in women.

[17]

Gender in cardiovascular diseases: Impact on clinical manifestations, management, and outcomes

Sex/gender and health outcomes: Cardiovascular diseases and related disorders

• Coronary angiography should not be used as a diagnostic procedure for low to intermediate risk women.

• Consideration of gender may be helpful to decide on most efficient treatment strategies in valvular diseases- the use of TAVI or conventional surgery.

• Resynchronization therapy is less frequently used in women but has a greater benefit in women then in men.

• Implanted defibrillators may be more efficient in men.

• Gendered approaches may lead to a more specific and effective use of resource

[18]

Effects of age, gender, and body mass index on efficacy and hypoglycemia outcomes across treat-to-target trials with insulin glargine 100 U/mL added to oral anti-diabetes agents in type 2 diabetes

Sex/gender and health outcomes: diabetes mellitus.

• Female patients with type 2 diabetes treated with Glargine 100 U/mL and Metformin +/- Sulfonylurea are less likely to achieve glycemic targets relatively to male patients and may require more clinical attention.

[19]

Impact of Diabetes Mellitus on Ischemic Events in Men and Women After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Sex/gender and health outcomes: Cardiovascular diseases and related disorders

• Diabetes mellitus and female gender effect post-PCI risk of ischemic events.

• Risk is equivalent for nondiabetic women and diabetic men.

[20]

Sex-specific-differences in cardiometabolic risk in type 1 diabetes: A cross-sectional study

Sex/gender and health outcomes: Diabetes mellitus.

• There are sex differences in lipids and weight in patients with T1DM.

• Glycemic control and frequency of diabetic complications were comparable between the sexes.

• Adherence to treatment guidelines was lower in women than in men.

[21]

Similarities in trabecular hypertrophy with site-specific differences in cortical morphology between men and women with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Sex/gender and health outcomes: Diabetes mellitus.

• Skeletal hypertrophy associated with T2DM is present in men and women but appears attenuated at the tibial cortex in men.

[22]

Sex and gender differences in risk, pathophysiology, and complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Sex/gender and health outcomes: Diabetes mellitus.

• Sex influences on vulnerability to cardiometabolic risk factors, manifestation, clinical picture, and management of T2DM.

• Severity of injury differs in a sex-specific way especially regarding cardiovascular and renal disease.

• Psychosocial factors impact development and progression of diabetes and coping in a gender-dimorphic way.

• Offsprings of hyperglycemic parents may be at greater risk for DM.

• Modern personalized treatment has to consider gender differences.

[23]

Gender, aging and longevity in humans: An update of an intriguing/neglected scenario paving the way to a gender-specific medicine

Sex/gender and health outcomes

• Gender-specific medicine approach should be established and systematically pursued in studies on healthy aging, longevity, and age-related diseases.

• Gender differences have a high impact on health and diseases.

[24]

Gender medicine: A task for the third millennium

Sex/gender and health outcomes

• There are gender differences in risk factors, clinical manifestations, and treatment efficacy in CVD.

• Gender differences in incidence, aggressiveness, and prognosis in variety of cancers.

• Gender differences in epidemiology and progress of certain liver diseases.

• Osteoporosis is underestimated in women, but patients’ and physicians’ awareness is even lower for male osteoporosis.

[25]

Sex in basic research: Concepts in the cardiovascular field

1.Sex/gender and health outcomes.

2. The human brain, cognition, and mood

• Reviews basic research work that suggests possible biological mechanisms mediating sex differences in health and in the brain.

• Advocates for considering sex and in basic research and suggests the means to do so.

• Advocates for encouraging scientists to study sex differences in basic research by grants and publication policies.

[26]

Sex differences in arterial wave reflection and the role of exogenous and endogenous sex hormones: results of the Berlin Aging Study II

Sex/gender and health outcomes:

Cardiovascular diseases and related disorders

• Mean augmentation index (Aix) was higher in women than in men.

• Oral contraceptive (OCP) use was associated with a higher Aix. Low endogenous estradiol was associated with high Aix.

• OCP’s may promote the development of hypertension by increasing Aix, possibly by suppressing endogenous estradiol.

[27]

The association of long-term outcome and biological sex in patients with acute heart failure from different geographic regions

Sex/gender and health outcomes:

Cardiovascular diseases and related disorders

• Women with AHF have a lower 1-year mortality compared to men.

• Women were less likely to receive evidenced-based treatment compared to men.

[28]

Sex differences in cardiometabolic disorders

Sex/gender and health outcomes:

Cardiovascular diseases and related disorders

• Reviews clinical data regarding sex differences in cardiometabolic risk factors, pre-clinical cardiometabolic disease and overt cardiometabolic disease.

• Reviews molecular mechanisms of sex differences in cardiometabolic disorders.

• Advocates for developing gender-specific diagnostic tests and procedures.

• Advocates for continued research on sex differences in heart disease and on sex-specific therapeutic interventions.

[29]

The case for sex- and gender-specific medicine

Sex/gender and health outcomes:

Cardiovascular diseases and related disorders

• Reviews clinical evidence on sex differences in cardiovascular disease.

• Advocates for sex/gender specific approach in diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular disease.

[30]

Gender aspects suggestive of gastroparesis in patients with diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional survey

Sex/gender and health outcomes:

Diabetes mellitus

• Case control study suggesting that gastroparesis symptoms are more prevalent and more sever in female patients with DM.

• Female patients had higher BMI and HgA1C.

• Prevalence and severity of gastroparesis symptoms was higher in obese females with long standing, poorly controlled T2DM.

[31]

Vitamin B12 Deficiency and the Role of Gender: A Cross-Sectional Study of a Large Cohort

Sex/gender and health outcomes:

B12 deficiency

• Cross sectional study in healthy individuals.

• Prevalence of B12 deficiency was higher in men.

[32]

Gender as an independent risk factor for the components of metabolic syndrome among individuals within the normal range of body mass index

Sex/gender and health outcomes:

Cardiovascular diseases and related disorders

• Cross sectional study in health individuals.

• Male gender is an independent risk factor for all components of the Metabolic syndrome, apart from low HDL, which is more prevalent in women.

• When comparing only post-menopausal women to men, differences become smaller.

[33]

Gender differences in the comprehension of care plans in an emergency department setting

Treatment decisions and care plans

• No gender-related differences were found in comprehension of care plan in the emergency department.

[34]

Is There Gender Discrimination in Acute Renal Colic Pain Management? A Retrospective Analysis in an Emergency Department Setting

Treatment decisions and care plans

• Men with renal colic had a higher VAS score and received more analgesics and opioids.

• Non-Jewish women experienced longer waiting time until medical assessment compared to Jewish women.

[35]

The effect of childcare activities on cognitive status and depression in older adults: gender differences in a 4.4-year longitudinal study

Sex/gender and the human brain, cognition, and mood

• Daily childcare was associated with reduced rates of cognitive decline in elderly men and women.

• Daily childcare was associated with decreased rates of depression in men but not in women.

• Occasional childcare was associated with reduced depression rates in women and men.

[36]

Sex difference or hormonal difference in mental rotation? The influence of ovarian milieu

Sex/gender and the human brain, cognition, and mood

• Men perform better then female in the visuospatial Mental Rotation Test. (MRT)

• After analyzing according to the menstrual cycle phase and OCP use, women with low- estradiol performed as good as men, and better than the high-estradiol group.

• No gender differentiation was found in verbal memory control task but performance varied with hormonal milieu.

[37]

Crying, oral contraceptive use and the menstrual cycle

Sex/gender and the human brain, cognition, and mood

• Women in the reproductive reported feeling more like crying pre-menstrual but may not actually cry more during this phase.

• Oral contraceptive use had no effect.

[38]

Yes, there is a female and a male brain: Morphology versus functionality

Sex/gender and the human brain, cognition, and mood

• Rejects the findings of a study that showed that brains of males and females are functionally and morphologically diverse and cannot fit into a male/ female category.

• Claims that female and male brains are distinct.

• Claims that testosterone has a crucial affect on the developing brain, and is responsible for sex differences in the brain.

[39]

Influence of gender, working field and psychosocial factors on the vulnerability for burnout in mental hospital staff: results of an Austrian cross-sectional study

Sex/gender and working conditions and promotion in healthcare

• Emotional exhaustion was higher in women working with patients compared to men working with patients.

• Age above 45 was associated wit decreased burnout in men but not women.

• There is a need for gender specific preventive strategies to reduce burnout.

[40]

Parenthood does not explain the gender difference in clinical position in academic medicine among Swedish, Dutch and Austrian physicians

Sex/gender and working conditions and promotion in healthcare

• Gender influences clinical position.

• Female physicians publish fewer articles then male physicians.

• Number of children or working hours did not explain gender differences in publication activity or clinical position.

• Factors such as the academic working environment, may still disadvantage women’s progress.

[41]

Male Medical Students’ Gender-Role Conflict Is Associated with Their Discomfort With Dealing With Patients’ Sexual Health Issues

Sex/gender and medical education

• Knowledge about sexual health was associated with comfort.

• Male students who had difficulty expressing affection towards men or expressing emotions were likely to feel uncomfortable asking patients about sexual health issues.

[42]

Integrating topics of sex and gender into medical curricula - Lessons from the international community

Sex/gender and medical education

• Advocates for inclusion of sex/gender difference in health and disease management into medical curricula.

• Suggests methodologies and information resources.

[43]

Considering sex as a biological variable in preclinical research

Sex in preclinical research

• Sex is an important biologic variable and should be considered in pre-clinical research.

• Suggests strategies to incorporate sex as a biological variable in study design, performance and analysis.

• Suggests considering sex chromosomes and sex hormones in basic research and sex/gender aspects in animal studies.