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Table 7 Characteristics of included studies – Those who remain behind

From: Transnational social networks, health, and care: a systematic narrative literature review

Reference Number

Study (n = 18)

Country

Perspective

# of participants

Data collection

Analysis data

Health focus of study

[35]

Amin and Ingman, 2014

Bangladesh

Those who remain behind (respondents were Bangladeshi migrants in the US)

21

Interviews (in-depth semi-structured questionnaires)

Thematic coding strategy

Eldercare practices and experiences

[41]

Battaglia, 2015

Mexico

Those who remain behind

39,133

Secondary cross data from Mexican National Survey of Demographic Dynamics (ENADID—Encuesta Nacional de Dinámica Demográfica)

IV Regression

Teenage fertility

[42]

Beine, Docquier and Schiff, 2013

Analysis of 175 countries

Those who remain behind (worldwide perspective)

175 countries

Secondary data:

-Fertility data (WDI)

-Bilateral migration stocks (Parsons et al., 2007)

- the skilled-to-unskilled ratio of emigration rates from Docquier, Lowell, and Marfouk, 2009

- Data on from the IMF database

urbanisation rate (WDI)

- the share of Catholics and Muslims in each source country population, and religious dummies; regions are consistent with the World Bank definition.

-OLS regressions

-IV regressions

-Dynamic specification model

Fertility

[36]

Chinouya, 2006

Different sub-Saharan African countries (Zimbabwe, Uganda, Nigeria, Zambia, Burundi, Somalia, South Africa, Kenya and Malawi)

Those who remain behind (respondents were sub-Saharan migrants in the UK)

60

Interviews

Framework method

HIV status and transnational childcare taking

[43]

Creighton, Goldman, Teruel and Rubalcava, 2011

Mexico

Those who remain behind

3593

Secondary longitudinal data from Mexican Family Life Survey (MxFLS))

Three-Level Random-Intercept Logistic Regression Models

Overweight / Obesity

[44]

De, 2013

Mexico

Those who remain behind

11,907

Secondary data from ENADID (Encuesta Nacional de Dinámica Demográfica or National Survey of Demographic Dynamics) survey

- Single Equation Probit Models

-Instrumental Variable Regression

Contraceptive use

[45]

Diabate and Mesplé-Somps, 2019

Mali

Those who remain behind

5138

Secondary data from ENEM-2009 (Enquête Nationale sur l’Excision au Mali)

-OLS regression

-Instrumental Variable Regression

Female Genital Mutilation

[46]

Fargues, 2011

Morocco, Turkey, and Egypt

Those who remain behind

MENA countries

Secondary time-series data on birth rates and migrant remittances

-Demographic analysis

-Time correlation

Birth rates

[47]

Frank, 2005

Mexico

Those who remain behind

565

Secondary data from a hospital-based postpartum survey that was implemented in eight different hospitals in Western Mexico (HPS 2001)

Multivariate analysis

Infant health

[8]

Levitt and Lamba-Nieves, 2011

Dominican Republic

Those who remain behind (Dominican Republican Diaspora communities in the US)

50

Semi-structured interviews and 20 years of fieldwork

Not stated

Home-Town Associations (HTA) involvement in health-related projects at COO

[48]

Lindstrom and Muñoz-Franco, 2005

Guatemala

Those who remain behind

2531

Secondary data from 1995 Guatemalan Survey of Family Health (EGSF)

- Multilevel linear regression

- Multilevel logistic regression

Contraceptive knowledge and use

[49]

Lindstrom and Muñoz-Franco, 2006

Guatemala

Those who remain behind

1838

Secondary data from 1995 Guatemalan Survey of Family Health (EGSF)

Multi-level logistic regression

Maternal health services utilization

[37]

Mekonnen and Lohnert, 2018

Ethiopia

Those who remain behind (Ethiopian Diaspora communities in Germany)

2 Diaspora associations located in Frankfurt

Key informant interviews, observations, and literature reviews on migration and development

Not stated

Diaspora engagement in health-related development

[38]

Patzer, 2018

-US

-Philippines

Those who remain behind (respondents in US and Philippines)

Paper focuses on one case study of a migrant family (US-Philippines), supplemented with other observations

Multi-sited ethnography: participant observation, interviews, and the analysis of the use of new media for migrants in the US and those who remain behind in the Philippines

Not stated

Long-distance care and Food consumption

[50]

Roosen and Siegel, 2018

Afghanistan

Those who remain behind

25,419

Secondary data from cross-sectional data from the Afghan Mortality Survey (2010)

-Ordinary least squares regression

-Propensity score matching

-IV regression

Birth control knowledge and use

[39]

Rubyan-Ling, 2019

Sierra Leon

Those who remain behind (Sierra Leonean Diaspora communities in the UK)

Interviews: 10

Participant observation, semi-structured interviews

Not stated

Diaspora mobilization during the Ebola outbreak

[5]

Sobiech, 2019

Ghana

Those who remain behind (Ghanaian Diaspora communities in Germany)

Interviews: 50

Semi-structured interviews, observations, and documents

Thematic analysis

Diaspora engagement in health-related development

[40]

Sriram, George, Baru and Bennett, 2018

India

Those who remain behind (different domestic, diasporic, and foreign organisations (e.g., from U.S., U.K., Australia, Singapore, and Saudi Arabia))

-Interviews: 87

-Document review: 248

-Participant observation: 6

In-depth interviews, document review, and non-participant observation of conferences and meetings

Framework method

Transfer of biomedical knowledge