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Table 4 Results of multilevel, multivariable logistic regressions of newborn care co-coverage among facility births. Adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals are presented

From: Equity in newborn care, evidence from national surveys in low- and middle-income countries

 

Angola

Benin

Burundi

Cameroon

Ethiopia

Guinea

Malawi

Mali

Individual

 Age (ref: < 20 years)

  20–24 years

0.94 (0.63–1.41)

0.87 (0.64–1.18)

0.77 (0.34–1.76)

1.04 (0.74–1.46)

1.83 (0.74–4.55)

0.66 (0.31–1.42)

1.00 (0.80–1.24)

0.91 (0.52–1.58)

  35+ years

1.07 (0.58–1.97)

0.89 (0.58–1.35)

0.62 (0.24–1.60)

1.04 (0.68–1.60)

1.75 (0.51–6.05)

0.81 (0.32–2.04)

1.08 (0.81–1.45)

0.84 (0.46–1.53)

  Secondary or higher education (ref: no education or primary only)

1.54 (1.00–2.37)

1.38 (1.09–1.76)

1.86 (1.05–3.30)

0.88 (0.68–1.14)

1.10 (0.53–2.29)

0.89 (0.45–1.79)

1.24 (0.99–1.55)

1.41 (0.98–2.03)

Family

 Lives with husband (ref: doesn’t live with husband)

0.81 (0.59–1.13)

1.06 (0.82–1.38)

1.96 (1.01–3.82)

0.74 (0.57–0.96)

1.11 (0.59–2.10)

1.05 (0.58–1.90)

0.96 (0.79–1.16)

0.65 (0.40–1.06)

 Wealth (ref: poorest)

  Poorer

1.36 (0.53–3.50)

1.28 (0.90–1.83)

0.42 (0.19–0.94)

1.23 (0.73–2.10)

0.33 (0.10–1.06)

0.48 (0.14–1.63)

1.24 (0.97–1.57)

0.58 (0.27–1.25)

  Middle

1.41 (0.48–4.18)

1.72 (1.17–2.53)

0.63 (0.25–1.60)

2.05 (1.16–3.60)

0.65 (0.17–2.42)

1.14 (0.40–3.30)

1.19 (0.93–1.53)

0.51 (0.26–1.00)

  Richer

1.36 (0.47–3.91)

1.74 (1.19–2.53)

0.26 (0.09–0.73)

2.50 (1.40–4.48)

1.07 (0.28–4.01)

1.28 (0.40–4.09)

1.19 (0.91–1.56)

0.44 (0.17–1.12)

  Richest

1.32 (0.42–4.18)

1.89 (1.22–2.94)

0.86 (0.36–2.04)

2.49 (1.32–4.71)

1.26 (0.28–5.75)

1.23 (0.31–4.86)

1.18 (0.82–1.70)

0.48 (0.17–1.36)

Context

 Urban (ref: rural)

1.15 (0.58–2.29)

1.02 (0.74–1.41)

2.51 (1.03–6.14)

0.92 (0.66–1.26)

1.49 (0.38–5.83)

0.98 (0.39–2.46)

1.30 (0.95–1.77)

1.93 (0.66–5.68)

 Community facility delivery rate (ref: lowest)

  Middle

1.47 (0.59–3.68)

1.21 (0.81–1.79)

1.31 (0.58–2.97)

2.40 (1.42–4.06)

0.29 (0.06–1.39)

1.07 (0.42–2.70)

1.47 (1.17–1.85)

0.31 (0.11–0.93)

  Highest

1.68 (0.66–4.29)

1.29 (0.42–4.00)

0.93 (0.40–2.18)

2.61 (1.57–4.33)

0.99 (0.22–4.47)

0.98 (0.38–2.56)

1.57 (0.53–4.66)

0.71 (0.23–2.15)

Structural

 Women’s social independence

  Middle

1.20 (0.62–2.32)

1.12 (0.75–1.66)

0.93 (0.42–2.06)

0.89 (0.62–1.30)

2.13 (0.83–5.45)

0.96 (0.43–2.14)

1.00 (0.78–1.28)

1.24 (0.43–3.63)

  Highest

1.72 (0.89–3.31)

1.42 (0.94–2.14)

1.16 (0.53–2.51)

1.21 (0.84–1.76)

1.90 (0.77–4.66)

0.94 (0.43–2.08)

1.03 (0.78–1.36)

3.94 (1.31–11.86)

ICC (rho)

.4720

.3149

.5563

<.0001

.7933

.4968

.2657

.6590

Number of births

1915

3138

3796

1668

1639

712

5757

1659

Number of clusters

393

379

467

258

499

176

799

200

 

Nepal

Nigeria

Pakistan

Senegal

Tanzania

Uganda

Zambia

Zimbabwe

Individual

 Age (ref: < 20 years)

  20–24 years

1.33 (0.72–2.47)

1.11 (0.79–1.56)

1.49 (0.59–3.79)

1.09 (0.81–1.46)

0.97 (0.65–1.46)

0.87 (0.67–1.13)

1.02 (0.72–1.45)

0.97 (0.55–1.70)

  35+ years

1.75 (0.31–9.89)

1.16 (0.80–1.67)

2.58 (0.89–7.47)

1.50 (1.01–2.22)

0.75 (0.44–1.27)

1.09 (0.76–1.58)

0.62 (0.26–1.47)

1.64 (0.59–4.61)

  Secondary or higher education (ref: no education or primary only)

1.23 (0.64–2.36)

1.10 (0.90–1.36)

1.56 (0.93–2.62)

1.31 (1.02–1.68)

1.64 (1.10–2.44)

1.60 (1.26–2.04)

1.22 (0.86–1.73)

1.30 (0.80–2.11)

Family

 Lives with husband (ref: doesn’t live with husband)

0.78 (0.49–1.26)

0.98 (0.77–1.24)

1.04 (0.64–1.69)

0.99 (0.79–1.26)

1.16 (0.79–1.70)

1.02 (0.80–1.29)

0.84 (0.60–1.16)

1.56 (0.98–2.49)

 Wealth (ref: poorest)

  Poorer

0.80 (0.31–2.05)

0.70 (0.46–1.07)

1.06 (0.44–2.59)

1.43 (1.00–2.04)

1.11 (0.61–2.04)

0.75 (0.55–1.02)

1.00 (0.64–1.56)

1.08 (0.53–2.22)

  Middle

0.99 (0.33–2.93)

0.76 (0.52–1.11)

1.82 (0.77–4.35)

1.51 (1.00–2.28)

1.02 (0.56–1.86)

0.76 (0.53–1.08)

1.41 (0.87–2.28)

0.97 (0.50–1.88)

  Richer

1.42 (0.47–4.26)

1.04 (0.69–1.54)

2.23 (0.91–5.47)

1.73 (0.99–3.04)

0.98 (0.48–1.99)

0.81 (0.57–1.17)

1.51 (0.80–2.85)

1.72 (0.75–3.93)

  Richest

0.94 (0.24–3.66)

1.25 (0.83–1.90)

3.12 (1.21–8.09)

1.12 (0.63–1.97)

0.96 (0.43–2.17)

1.16 (0.75–1.78)

1.97 (0.70–5.57)

1.62 (0.52–5.06)

Context

 Urban (ref: rural)

0.72 (0.37–1.38)

0.96 (0.79–1.17)

1.28 (0.84–1.96)

0.71 (0.53–0.96)

2.26 (1.29–3.97)

0.99 (0.65–1.50)

0.85 (0.52–1.41)

1.21 (0.42–3.44)

 Community facility delivery rate (ref: lowest)

  Middle

0.83 (0.32–2.11)

1.74 (0.97–3.13)

1.92 (1.06–3.46)

1.11 (0.75–1.66)

2.40 (1.21–4.77)

0.86 (0.60–1.24)

0.96 (0.52–1.80)

0.93 (0.44–1.95)

  Highest

0.74 (0.27–2.09)

2.16 (1.18–3.98)

2.52 (1.35–4.71)

1.04 (0.67–1.62)

2.83 (1.38–5.82)

0.84 (0.57–1.23)

1.33 (0.82–2.17)

0.82 (0.37–1.84)

Structural

 Women’s social independence

  Middle

2.04 (0.89–4.69)

1.16 (0.74–1.83)

0.73 (0.39–1.34)

1.77 (1.21–2.58)

1.51 (0.82–2.75)

1.06 (0.75–1.49)

1.21 (0.67–2.20)

1.65 (0.80–3.41)

  Highest

4.48 (1.80–11.18)

4.61 (2.88–7.40)

0.58 (0.30–1.13)

2.02 (1.35–3.02)

2.22 (1.12–4.40)

0.82 (0.55–1.22)

0.76 (0.44–1.31)

1.12 (0.43–2.90)

ICC (rho)

.4682

.1888

.1192

.2377

.5694

.4353

.4061

.5301

Number of births

647

5071

1243

2891

2541

4439

1900

1348

Number of clusters

178

1194

210

316

554

689

325

261