From: Equity in newborn care, evidence from national surveys in low- and middle-income countries
 | Angola | Benin | Burundi | Cameroon | Ethiopia | Guinea | Malawi | Mali |
Individual | ||||||||
 Age (ref: < 20 years) | ||||||||
  20–24 years | 0.94 (0.63–1.41) | 0.87 (0.64–1.18) | 0.77 (0.34–1.76) | 1.04 (0.74–1.46) | 1.83 (0.74–4.55) | 0.66 (0.31–1.42) | 1.00 (0.80–1.24) | 0.91 (0.52–1.58) |
  35+ years | 1.07 (0.58–1.97) | 0.89 (0.58–1.35) | 0.62 (0.24–1.60) | 1.04 (0.68–1.60) | 1.75 (0.51–6.05) | 0.81 (0.32–2.04) | 1.08 (0.81–1.45) | 0.84 (0.46–1.53) |
  Secondary or higher education (ref: no education or primary only) | 1.54 (1.00–2.37) | 1.38 (1.09–1.76) | 1.86 (1.05–3.30) | 0.88 (0.68–1.14) | 1.10 (0.53–2.29) | 0.89 (0.45–1.79) | 1.24 (0.99–1.55) | 1.41 (0.98–2.03) |
Family | ||||||||
 Lives with husband (ref: doesn’t live with husband) | 0.81 (0.59–1.13) | 1.06 (0.82–1.38) | 1.96 (1.01–3.82) | 0.74 (0.57–0.96) | 1.11 (0.59–2.10) | 1.05 (0.58–1.90) | 0.96 (0.79–1.16) | 0.65 (0.40–1.06) |
 Wealth (ref: poorest) | ||||||||
  Poorer | 1.36 (0.53–3.50) | 1.28 (0.90–1.83) | 0.42 (0.19–0.94) | 1.23 (0.73–2.10) | 0.33 (0.10–1.06) | 0.48 (0.14–1.63) | 1.24 (0.97–1.57) | 0.58 (0.27–1.25) |
  Middle | 1.41 (0.48–4.18) | 1.72 (1.17–2.53) | 0.63 (0.25–1.60) | 2.05 (1.16–3.60) | 0.65 (0.17–2.42) | 1.14 (0.40–3.30) | 1.19 (0.93–1.53) | 0.51 (0.26–1.00) |
  Richer | 1.36 (0.47–3.91) | 1.74 (1.19–2.53) | 0.26 (0.09–0.73) | 2.50 (1.40–4.48) | 1.07 (0.28–4.01) | 1.28 (0.40–4.09) | 1.19 (0.91–1.56) | 0.44 (0.17–1.12) |
  Richest | 1.32 (0.42–4.18) | 1.89 (1.22–2.94) | 0.86 (0.36–2.04) | 2.49 (1.32–4.71) | 1.26 (0.28–5.75) | 1.23 (0.31–4.86) | 1.18 (0.82–1.70) | 0.48 (0.17–1.36) |
Context | ||||||||
 Urban (ref: rural) | 1.15 (0.58–2.29) | 1.02 (0.74–1.41) | 2.51 (1.03–6.14) | 0.92 (0.66–1.26) | 1.49 (0.38–5.83) | 0.98 (0.39–2.46) | 1.30 (0.95–1.77) | 1.93 (0.66–5.68) |
 Community facility delivery rate (ref: lowest) | ||||||||
  Middle | 1.47 (0.59–3.68) | 1.21 (0.81–1.79) | 1.31 (0.58–2.97) | 2.40 (1.42–4.06) | 0.29 (0.06–1.39) | 1.07 (0.42–2.70) | 1.47 (1.17–1.85) | 0.31 (0.11–0.93) |
  Highest | 1.68 (0.66–4.29) | 1.29 (0.42–4.00) | 0.93 (0.40–2.18) | 2.61 (1.57–4.33) | 0.99 (0.22–4.47) | 0.98 (0.38–2.56) | 1.57 (0.53–4.66) | 0.71 (0.23–2.15) |
Structural | ||||||||
 Women’s social independence | ||||||||
  Middle | 1.20 (0.62–2.32) | 1.12 (0.75–1.66) | 0.93 (0.42–2.06) | 0.89 (0.62–1.30) | 2.13 (0.83–5.45) | 0.96 (0.43–2.14) | 1.00 (0.78–1.28) | 1.24 (0.43–3.63) |
  Highest | 1.72 (0.89–3.31) | 1.42 (0.94–2.14) | 1.16 (0.53–2.51) | 1.21 (0.84–1.76) | 1.90 (0.77–4.66) | 0.94 (0.43–2.08) | 1.03 (0.78–1.36) | 3.94 (1.31–11.86) |
ICC (rho) | .4720 | .3149 | .5563 | <.0001 | .7933 | .4968 | .2657 | .6590 |
Number of births | 1915 | 3138 | 3796 | 1668 | 1639 | 712 | 5757 | 1659 |
Number of clusters | 393 | 379 | 467 | 258 | 499 | 176 | 799 | 200 |
 | Nepal | Nigeria | Pakistan | Senegal | Tanzania | Uganda | Zambia | Zimbabwe |
Individual | ||||||||
 Age (ref: < 20 years) | ||||||||
  20–24 years | 1.33 (0.72–2.47) | 1.11 (0.79–1.56) | 1.49 (0.59–3.79) | 1.09 (0.81–1.46) | 0.97 (0.65–1.46) | 0.87 (0.67–1.13) | 1.02 (0.72–1.45) | 0.97 (0.55–1.70) |
  35+ years | 1.75 (0.31–9.89) | 1.16 (0.80–1.67) | 2.58 (0.89–7.47) | 1.50 (1.01–2.22) | 0.75 (0.44–1.27) | 1.09 (0.76–1.58) | 0.62 (0.26–1.47) | 1.64 (0.59–4.61) |
  Secondary or higher education (ref: no education or primary only) | 1.23 (0.64–2.36) | 1.10 (0.90–1.36) | 1.56 (0.93–2.62) | 1.31 (1.02–1.68) | 1.64 (1.10–2.44) | 1.60 (1.26–2.04) | 1.22 (0.86–1.73) | 1.30 (0.80–2.11) |
Family | ||||||||
 Lives with husband (ref: doesn’t live with husband) | 0.78 (0.49–1.26) | 0.98 (0.77–1.24) | 1.04 (0.64–1.69) | 0.99 (0.79–1.26) | 1.16 (0.79–1.70) | 1.02 (0.80–1.29) | 0.84 (0.60–1.16) | 1.56 (0.98–2.49) |
 Wealth (ref: poorest) | ||||||||
  Poorer | 0.80 (0.31–2.05) | 0.70 (0.46–1.07) | 1.06 (0.44–2.59) | 1.43 (1.00–2.04) | 1.11 (0.61–2.04) | 0.75 (0.55–1.02) | 1.00 (0.64–1.56) | 1.08 (0.53–2.22) |
  Middle | 0.99 (0.33–2.93) | 0.76 (0.52–1.11) | 1.82 (0.77–4.35) | 1.51 (1.00–2.28) | 1.02 (0.56–1.86) | 0.76 (0.53–1.08) | 1.41 (0.87–2.28) | 0.97 (0.50–1.88) |
  Richer | 1.42 (0.47–4.26) | 1.04 (0.69–1.54) | 2.23 (0.91–5.47) | 1.73 (0.99–3.04) | 0.98 (0.48–1.99) | 0.81 (0.57–1.17) | 1.51 (0.80–2.85) | 1.72 (0.75–3.93) |
  Richest | 0.94 (0.24–3.66) | 1.25 (0.83–1.90) | 3.12 (1.21–8.09) | 1.12 (0.63–1.97) | 0.96 (0.43–2.17) | 1.16 (0.75–1.78) | 1.97 (0.70–5.57) | 1.62 (0.52–5.06) |
Context | ||||||||
 Urban (ref: rural) | 0.72 (0.37–1.38) | 0.96 (0.79–1.17) | 1.28 (0.84–1.96) | 0.71 (0.53–0.96) | 2.26 (1.29–3.97) | 0.99 (0.65–1.50) | 0.85 (0.52–1.41) | 1.21 (0.42–3.44) |
 Community facility delivery rate (ref: lowest) | ||||||||
  Middle | 0.83 (0.32–2.11) | 1.74 (0.97–3.13) | 1.92 (1.06–3.46) | 1.11 (0.75–1.66) | 2.40 (1.21–4.77) | 0.86 (0.60–1.24) | 0.96 (0.52–1.80) | 0.93 (0.44–1.95) |
  Highest | 0.74 (0.27–2.09) | 2.16 (1.18–3.98) | 2.52 (1.35–4.71) | 1.04 (0.67–1.62) | 2.83 (1.38–5.82) | 0.84 (0.57–1.23) | 1.33 (0.82–2.17) | 0.82 (0.37–1.84) |
Structural | ||||||||
 Women’s social independence | ||||||||
  Middle | 2.04 (0.89–4.69) | 1.16 (0.74–1.83) | 0.73 (0.39–1.34) | 1.77 (1.21–2.58) | 1.51 (0.82–2.75) | 1.06 (0.75–1.49) | 1.21 (0.67–2.20) | 1.65 (0.80–3.41) |
  Highest | 4.48 (1.80–11.18) | 4.61 (2.88–7.40) | 0.58 (0.30–1.13) | 2.02 (1.35–3.02) | 2.22 (1.12–4.40) | 0.82 (0.55–1.22) | 0.76 (0.44–1.31) | 1.12 (0.43–2.90) |
ICC (rho) | .4682 | .1888 | .1192 | .2377 | .5694 | .4353 | .4061 | .5301 |
Number of births | 647 | 5071 | 1243 | 2891 | 2541 | 4439 | 1900 | 1348 |
Number of clusters | 178 | 1194 | 210 | 316 | 554 | 689 | 325 | 261 |