Table 3 Background characteristics of the sample by country and delivery location. Some percent distributions do not add up to 100% due to rounding
From: Equity in newborn care, evidence from national surveys in low- and middle-income countries
| Â | Individual | Family | Context | Structural | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | Education | Family life | Wealth | Residence | Health services | Gender | |||||||
< 20 years | 20–34 years | 35+ years | Secondary or higher education | Lives with husband | Poorest | Poorer | Middle | Richer | Richest | Urban | Community facility delivery ratea | Women’s social independence score b | |
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | % | Â | |
Facility births | |||||||||||||
 Angola | 516 (20.7) | 1676 (67.3) | 299 (12.0) | 1377 (55.3) | 1675 (67.2) | 141 (5.7) | 328 (13.2) | 629 (25.3) | 698 (28.0) | 695 (27.9) | 2113 (84.8) | 68.3 | 0.02 |
 Benin | 619 (13.5) | 3351 (73.1) | 614 (13.4) | 964 (21.0) | 3671 (80.1) | 723 (15.8) | 911 (19.9) | 981 (21.4) | 1012 (22.1) | 956 (20.9) | 1879 (41.0) | 89.2 | −0.15 |
 Burundi | 363 (7.9) | 3402 (74.3) | 811 (17.7) | 613 (13.4) | 3650 (79.8) | 916 (20.0) | 1007 (22.0) | 947 (20.7) | 871 (19.0) | 835 (18.3) | 457 (10.0) | 86.5 | 0.06 |
 Cameroon | 479 (18.4) | 1820 (69.9) | 305 (11.7) | 1503 (57.7) | 1798 (69.1) | 255 (9.8) | 527 (20.2) | 614 (23.6) | 645 (24.8) | 563 (21.6) | 1494 (57.4) | 82.5 | 0.06 |
 Ethiopia | 195 (12.8) | 1141 (75) | 185 (12.1) | 317 (20.9) | 1276 (83.9) | 144 (9.4) | 256 (16.8) | 278 (18.3) | 315 (20.7) | 528 (34.7) | 458 (30.1) | 53.7 | −0.23 |
 Guinea | 330 (20.5) | 1047 (65.1) | 231 (14.3) | 350 (21.8) | 1247 (77.6) | 185 (11.5) | 297 (18.5) | 305 (19.0) | 424 (26.4) | 395 (24.6) | 718 (44.7) | 71.2 | −0.37 |
 Malawi | 1278 (20.9) | 4126 (67.5) | 708 (11.6) | 1355 (22.2) | 4400 (72.0) | 1501 (24.6) | 1372 (22.5) | 1174 (19.2) | 1055 (17.3) | 1010 (16.5) | 867 (14.2) | 92.6 | −0.18 |
 Mali | 502 (17.6) | 1894 (66.6) | 450 (15.8) | 634 (22.3) | 2443 (85.8) | 408 (14.3) | 492 (17.3) | 573 (20.1) | 674 (23.7) | 699 (24.6) | 808 (28.4) | 82.4 | −0.39 |
 Nepal | 318 (25.2) | 903 (71.7) | 38 (3.0) | 790 (62.7) | 750 (59.6) | 172 (13.7) | 228 (18.1) | 301 (23.9) | 299 (23.8) | 258 (20.5) | 777 (61.7) | 70.6 | 0.04 |
 Nigeria | 482 (9.5) | 3819 (75.0) | 793 (15.6) | 3488 (68.5) | 4261 (83.6) | 340 (6.7) | 649 (12.7) | 1042 (20.5) | 1411 (27.7) | 1653 (32.5) | 3011 (59.1) | 67.2 | 0.31 |
 Pakistan | 239 (8.7) | 2252 (81.9) | 257 (9.4) | 1280 (46.6) | 2277 (82.8) | 392 (14.3) | 422 (15.3) | 618 (22.5) | 608 (22.1) | 708 (25.8) | 1078 (39.2) | 74.9 | 0.28 |
 Senegal | 464 (13.1) | 2477 (70.2) | 590 (16.7) | 771 (21.8) | 2024 (57.3) | 612 (17.3) | 768 (21.7) | 795 (22.5) | 698 (19.8) | 658 (18.6) | 1483 (42) | 84.6 | 0.02 |
 Tanzania | 553 (20.8) | 1728 (65.1) | 374 (14.1) | 623 (23.5) | 1956 (73.7) | 439 (16.5) | 455 (17.1) | 472 (17.8) | 627 (23.6) | 662 (24.9) | 992 (37.3) | 75.6 | 0.14 |
 Uganda | 810 (18.3) | 3102 (70.2) | 509 (11.5) | 1556 (35.2) | 3101 (70.1) | 855 (19.3) | 840 (19.0) | 815 (18.4) | 835 (18.9) | 1077 (24.4) | 1106 (25.0) | 79.3 | −0.07 |
 Zambia | 722 (21.8) | 2114 (63.7) | 484 (14.6) | 1443 (43.5) | 2280 (68.7) | 757 (22.8) | 724 (21.8) | 642 (19.3) | 611 (18.4) | 586 (17.7) | 1237 (37.3) | 87.9 | −0.10 |
 Zimbabwe | 371 (18.9) | 1381 (70.4) | 209 (10.7) | 1416 (72.2) | 1318 (67.2) | 417 (21.3) | 374 (19.1) | 348 (17.8) | 485 (24.8) | 336 (17.1) | 638 (32.5) | 81.2 | 0.22 |
Home births | |||||||||||||
 Angola | 567 (20.4) | 1792 (64.3) | 426 (15.3) | 377 (13.5) | 1859 (66.7) | 519 (18.6) | 1013 (36.4) | 932 (33.4) | 231 (8.3) | 91 (3.3) | 1072 (38.5) | 26.0 | −0.34 |
 Benin | 91 (11.3) | 591 (73.3) | 124 (15.4) | 24 (3.0) | 695 (86.1) | 133 (16.5) | 412 (51.1) | 199 (24.7) | 56 (6.9) | 7 (0.8) | 192 (23.8) | 52.2 | −0.39 |
 Burundi | 36 (4.7) | 552 (70.6) | 193 (24.7) | 30 (3.9) | 623 (79.7) | 158 (20.3) | 267 (34.2) | 178 (22.7) | 139 (17.8) | 39 (5.0) | 26 (3.3) | 70.3 | 0.02 |
 Cameroon | 266 (21.5) | 813 (65.6) | 160 (12.9) | 151 (12.2) | 1046 (84.5) | 187 (15.1) | 602 (48.7) | 374 (30.2) | 64 (5.2) | 11 (0.9) | 185 (14.9) | 33.9 | −0.52 |
 Ethiopia | 306 (11.3) | 1924 (71.3) | 470 (17.4) | 53 (1.9) | 2422 (89.7) | 595 (22.0) | 848 (31.4) | 677 (25.1) | 452 (16.7) | 128 (4.7) | 52 (1.9) | 13.3 | −0.52 |
 Guinea | 241 (18) | 872 (65.1) | 227 (16.9) | 57 (4.3) | 1139 (85.0) | 270 (20.2) | 510 (38.1) | 373 (27.8) | 123 (9.2) | 64 (4.8) | 128 (9.5) | 30.0 | −0.53 |
 Malawi | 82 (18) | 286 (63) | 87 (19.1) | 40 (8.7) | 310 (68.2) | 93 (20.5) | 162 (35.6) | 120 (26.5) | 53 (11.7) | 26 (5.7) | 32 (7.1) | 76.8 | −0.28 |
 Mali | 176 (14.3) | 852 (69.3) | 201 (16.4) | 55 (4.5) | 1071 (87.1) | 290 (23.6) | 413 (33.6) | 390 (31.8) | 104 (8.5) | 32 (2.6) | 50 (4.1) | 35.2 | −0.52 |
 Nepal | 127 (18.2) | 536 (76.7) | 36 (5.1) | 223 (31.9) | 413 (59.1) | 150 (21.5) | 238 (34.0) | 181 (25.9) | 105 (15.0) | 26 (3.6) | 277 (39.6) | 36.4 | −0.23 |
 Nigeria | 1119 (14.9) | 5189 (69.0) | 1214 (16.1) | 1659 (22.1) | 6854 (91.1) | 1541 (20.5) | 2382 (31.7) | 2235 (29.7) | 941 (12.5) | 424 (5.6) | 1851 (24.6) | 20.9 | −0.50 |
 Pakistan | 108 (9.8) | 837 (75.7) | 161 (14.6) | 155 (14) | 938 (84.8) | 217 (19.6) | 432 (39.0) | 303 (27.4) | 117 (10.6) | 37 (3.3) | 191 (17.3) | 46.5 | −0.05 |
 Senegal | 110 (12.6) | 598 (68.7) | 163 (18.7) | 54 (6.2) | 602 (69.1) | 115 (13.2) | 461 (53.0) | 219 (25.2) | 50 (5.8) | 25 (2.8) | 96 (11.0) | 52.4 | −0.36 |
 Tanzania | 212 (14.8) | 963 (67.1) | 260 (18.1) | 72 (5.0) | 1135 (79.1) | 293 (20.4) | 558 (38.9) | 402 (28.0) | 151 (10.5) | 31 (2.2) | 141 (9.8) | 39.3 | −0.14 |
 Uganda | 193 (14.2) | 935 (68.8) | 232 (17.1) | 171 (12.6) | 1028 (75.6) | 281 (20.7) | 439 (32.3) | 385 (28.3) | 181 (13.3) | 74 (5.4) | 130 (9.5) | 54.8 | −0.26 |
 Zambia | 95 (18.2) | 323 (61.5) | 107 (20.3) | 91 (17.2) | 381 (72.6) | 82 (15.7) | 234 (44.5) | 139 (26.5) | 45 (8.6) | 24 (4.6) | 77 (14.7) | 58.4 | −0.30 |
 Zimbabwe | 70 (15.3) | 321 (70.3) | 66 (14.4) | 196 (42.9) | 310 (68.0) | 88 (19.3) | 186 (40.8) | 119 (26.1) | 52 (11.5) | 11 (2.3) | 39 (8.6) | 54.9 | −0.09 |