Table 6 Community level healthcare facility breastfeeding interventions among women of color in the U.S.: Prenatal, in-hospital and post-partum

Wambach et al. [65]

Prenatal clinics

Design: RCT

Data: 2nd trimester; 3, 6 wks & 2–6 mo p.p.

n = 128 intervention n = 128 control 1

n = 134 usual care;

AA adolescents

IBLC and PC provided prenatal, hospital, and p.p. BF support, through 4 wks p.p.

Intervention had a positive effect on BF duration but not on BF initiation or EBF duration

Moderate

Edwards et al. [66]

Prenatal clinic

Design: RCT

Data: pregnancy baseline, hospital and 4 mo p.p.

n = 124 intervention

n = 124 control group; AA

Doula conducted BF prenatal home visits, birth, 3 mo p.p.

Doula services increased in-hospital BF attempts and BF > 6 weeks but not at 4 months among young AA

Low

Petrova et al. [67]

Health Center

Design: RCT

Data: 3rd trimester, 7 days, 1,2,3 mo p.p.

n = 52 intervention

n = 52 control; 87.5% H; New Brunswick, NJ

Prenatal BF classes, in hospital and p.p. BF support from IBLC by phone

No differences in BF initiation or EBF at 7 d., 1,2,3, mo p.p.

Low

Gross et al^. [68]

Primary care Prenatal/Pediatric

Clinic

Design: RCT

Data: 3rd trimester, chart review, 3 mo p.p.; phone survey

n = 266 intervention

n = 266 control;

100% H

RD/LC delivered prenatal education and provided p.p. BF counseling

Intervention increase EBF prevalence and BF intensity after discharge but not during the hospital stay.

Moderate

Linares et al. [69]

Primary Health Care clinic

Design: RCT

Data: 2 prenatal surveys, chart review; 1, 3 mo p.p. survey

n = 20 intervention

n = 19 control; 100% H

BF prenatal education by IBLC & PC with home visits, BF support at Hospital,1st and 2nd wk. p.p.

Intervention increased EBF at all points. No differences in BF initiation.

Very low

Chapman et al. [70]

Prenatal Clinic

Design: RCT

Data: baseline survey, 3rd trimester phone survey, chart review, 24 h, survey at 2 wks and monthly thereafter until 6 mo p.p.

n = 76 intervention;

80% H women

n = 79 Control;

83.3% H; overweight women; Hartford, CT

IBCL & PC prenatal BF education, in-hospital BF support, 11 p.p. PC home visits; supported BF among obese.

Intervention impacted any BF and BF intensity at 2 weeks p.p. but not with EBF

Intervention infants less likely to be hospitalized after discharge

Low