Table 3 Community level healthcare facility breastfeeding interventions among women of color in the U.S. : Prenatal

Chae et al. [48]

Family Medicine Outpatient Clinic

Design: Prospective

Data: 3rd prenatal trimester, 6–8 wks surveys

Center Pregnancy Model (CPM)

(n = 120); 15% A; 28.3% AA

30% H, 26.7% W

Standard Care (SC) (n = 221); 16.7% A; 20.3% AA; 34.8% H; 26.7% W

CPM: Via health care providers; 10 prenatal and 1 p.p. sessions

SC group: Individual care

CPM Participants > 2 times more likely to BF at p.p. visit

Low

Robertson et al. [49]

Hospital based prenatal clinic

Design: Two group, pre/post observational

Data: prenatal and p.p. surveys

CPM n = 24 H

SC n = 25 H

Midwife care to both groups.

CPM: first 4 pregnancy months groups met once a month, then biweekly until delivery.

SC: Individual prenatal care

NS BF differences at 6 weeks p.p.

Very low

Trudnak et al. [50]

Health Department Clinics

Design: Retrospective

Data: Chart review

CPM n = 240 H

SC n = 240 H

CPM: prenatal group care

SC: individual care

At 6 wks p.p. CPM participants more likely to FF.

Low

Farr et al. [51]

Women’s Health Clinics

Design: Observational

Data: Chart review

Champion iPad app n = 132; 96.2% AA

Positive messaging iPad app

n = 111participants.

90.8% AA,

Champion app

helped mothers identify supportive BF champion.

Positive messaging app offered BF information with picture; FAQ format.

For both apps, proportion of mothers who intended EBF prenatally more likely to EBF in-hospital increased (vs. those not intending EBF)

Very low

Louis-Jacques et al. [52]

Prenatal clinics

Design: Prospective

Data: Pre/post;

BF survey data at 2–4 and 6–8 wks p.p.

N = 121; 63.6% H

Prenatal BF, medication and substance abuse education; via Doulas and IBCLC.

Women using medications at 2–4 and 6–8 weeks p.p. were less likely to EBF and more likely to mix feed or FF vs. mothers not taking medication 2–4 wks p.p. and 6-8 weeks p.p.

Low