Does universal health insurance coverage reduce unmet healthcare needs in China? Evidence from the National Health Service Survey

Zhou, Shenping; Huang, Tianyu; Li, Anqi; Wang, Zhonghua

doi:10.1186/s12939-021-01385-7

International Journal for Equity in Health

Table 6 Logistic regression of unmet healthcare needs among people living in rural areas

From: Does universal health insurance coverage reduce unmet healthcare needs in China? Evidence from the National Health Service Survey

	Non-use of outpatient services		Non-use of inpatient services		Non-use of physical examination		Early discharge from hospital
	OR	SD	OR	SD	OR	SD	OR	SD
Predisposing factors
Sex, ref.: male	1.447	0.293	1.191	0.610	0.822**	0.119	1.384	0.475
Age (years), ref.: ≤30
30–45	1.822*	0.410	1.906	1.238	0.815	0.260	1.191	0.549
45–69	2.022***	0.605	1.508*	0.709	0.944*	0.128	1.527**	0.318
> 60	2.833**	0.874	2.193**	0.944	0.410**	0.091	2.299**	0.904
Marital status, ref.: not married	1.407	0.830	1.310	0.855	1.380	0.473	1.138	0.710
Education level, ref.: less than lower secondary
Upper secondary & vocational training	1.190	0.268	1.105	0.488	0.699***	0.102	1.135	0.487
Tertiary	1.038	0.409	0.653**	0.179	0.544***	0.099	0.909*	0.232
Employment status, ref.: employment
Unemployment	0.984	0.191	1.470*	0.333	1.903*	0.336	1.705	0.933
Retired	1.122	0.287	1.277*	0.184	1.190**	0.181	1.134	0.574
Family size, ref.: ≤2	0.810*	0.180	0.739***	0.210	1.163	0.719	1.209	0.484
Enabling factors
Social health insurance, ref.: have no social medical health insurance	0.770**	0.218	0.291***	0.098	1.372	0.388	0.628**	0.134
Income level, ref.: ≤¥13,334
¥13,334–24,915	1.237	0.575	0.803*	0.193	0.788	0.238	0.871**	0.214
¥24,915–39,967	0.717*	0.129	1.024	0.436	0.610**	0.131	0.910*	0.165
> ¥39,967	0.579**	0.100	0.337**	0.079	0.427**	0.091	0.762**	0.104
Financial subsidies: ref.: have financial subsidies	0.474	0.187	0.657**	0.184	0.983	0.318	0.904	0.354
Need factors
Self-reported health status (value on VAS), ref.: excellent
Good	1.008	0.198	1.390	0.550	0.974	0.449	0.790*	0.111
Fair	1.478*	0.311	1.905**	0.338	1.135	0.681	1.353	0.381
Poor	1.809*	0.284	2.497***	0.682	1.036	0.382	0.899	0.401
Depression, ref.: not depressed	1.198	0.410	1.409	0.549	1.210**	0.229	1.137*	0.204
Smoking, ref.: smoked	1.471	0.625	1.191	0.781	0.997***	0.148	1.241	0.458
Drinking, ref.: drank	1.191	0.406	0.903	0.359	0.974	0.402	0.977	0.319
Chronic disease, ref.:0
One chronic disease	2.871**	0.792	3.040*	0.939	0.609**	0.103	1.228	0.514
Multiple chronic disease	4.190***	0.690	6.093***	1.109	0.426***	0.074	1.033*	0.201
Year, ref.: 2008
2013	0.917**	0.209	1.099	0.824	0.737	0.198	1.036	0.578
2018	0.362**	0.087	0.634**	0.162	0.608***	0.130	0.638**	0.201
Year2013*Social health insurance	0.847*	0.219	0.904**	0.289	0.610	0.248	0.931	0.220
Year2018*Social health insurance	0.493**	0.170	0.312**	0.108	0.484	0.150	0.271**	0.083

Note: *** indicates p value < 0.001, ** indicates p value < 0.01, * indicates p value < 0.05, SD standard deviation, OR odd ratio

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