Does universal health insurance coverage reduce unmet healthcare needs in China? Evidence from the National Health Service Survey

Zhou, Shenping; Huang, Tianyu; Li, Anqi; Wang, Zhonghua

doi:10.1186/s12939-021-01385-7

International Journal for Equity in Health

Table 4 Logistic regression of unmet healthcare needs among the whole population

From: Does universal health insurance coverage reduce unmet healthcare needs in China? Evidence from the National Health Service Survey

	Non-use of outpatient services		Non-use of inpatient services		Non-use of physical examination		Early discharge from hospital
	OR	SD	OR	SD	OR	SD	OR	SD
Predisposing factors
Sex, ref.: male	1.283	0.193	1.210	0.498	1.125	0.181	1.156	0.191
Age (years), ref.:≤30
30–45	1.705***	0.258	1.006	0.745	0.909*	0.051	1.110	0.491
45–60	2.451***	0.153	1.465***	0.309	0.617*	0.139	1.906	0.874
> 60	2.045***	0.359	1.672**	0.295	0.337***	0.024	2.187*	1.188
Marital status, ref.: not married	1.293	0.288	1.408	0.507	1.920	0.086	1.047	0.339
Education level, ref.: less than lower secondary
Upper secondary & vocational training	1.287	0.404	0.788	0.453	0.763***	0.048	0.907*	0.276
Tertiary	0.693*	0.218	0.457***	0.121	0.392**	0.111	0.521**	0.104
Employment status, ref.: employment
Unemployment	1.406	0.339	1.266	0.581	1.507*	0.431	1.751	1.157
Retired	1.375	0.239	1.373**	0.208	1.298	0.209	1.443	0.998
Family size, ref.: ≤2	0.954*	0.168	0.905**	0.176	1.030	0.200	0.774	0.259
Enabling factors
Social health insurance, ref.: have no insurance	0.492***	0.094	0.586**	0.097	1.251	0.417	0.943*	0.327
Income level, ref.: ≤¥13,334
¥13,334–24,915	1.210	0.309	0.804	0.313	0.902***	0.011	1.094	0.469
¥24,915–39,967	0.902**	0.183	0.512***	0.092	0.496***	0.020	1.336	0.764
> ¥39,967	0.783*	0.093	0.483**	0.102	0.410***	0.030	0.689**	0.244
Financial subsidies: ref.: have financial subsidies	0.695	0.288	0.581*	0.131	0.958	0.141	0.904*	0.180
Area of residence, ref.: urban	1.417***	0.093	1.408**	0.111	1.573*	0.057	2.804**	0.571
Need factors
Self-reported health status (value on VAS), ref.: excellent
Good	1.223	0.223	1.435**	0.217	1.032	0.061	1.508	0.991
Fair	0.931	0.147	1.207	0.413	1.370	0.099	1.349	0.409
Poor	1.309**	0.109	2.509**	0.509	1.234	0.155	2.097	1.518
Depression, ref.: not depressed	1.437**	0.200	1.234	0.495	1.003**	0.063	1.093*	0.209
Smoking, ref.: smoked	1.237	0.313	1.496	0.190	0.926	0.095	0.682	0.209
Drinking, ref.: drank	0.601*	0.134	0.957	0.310	1.008	0.058	1.588	0.970
Chronic disease, ref.: 0
One chronic disease	1.985***	0.433	1.973**	0.259	0.744***	0.038	1.210	0.506
Multiple chronic diseases	3.063***	0.908	2.522*	0.648	0.253**	0.021	1.606	0.974
Year, ref.: 2008
2013	0.861***	1.032	0.909	0.280	0.773**	0.148	1.107	0.579
2018	0.603***	0.243	0.547**	0.109	0.581*	0.230	0.487*	0.105
Year2013* Social health insurance	0.609**	0.083	1.064	0.896	0.896	0.287	0.541*	0.078
Year2018* Social health insurance	0.235**	0.131	0.432**	0.090	0.609	0.172	0.309**	0.091

Note: *** indicates p value < 0.001, ** indicates p value < 0.01, * indicates p value < 0.05, SD standard deviation, OR odd ratio

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