Table 2 Sample characteristics divided by living areas (urban & rural)
| Â | Total | Urban | Rural | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 25,048 | n = 10,973 (43.81%) | n = 14,075 (56.19%) | value | |
Year | Â | Â | Â | 0.000 |
 2008 | 23.95% | 12.73% | 32.69% |  |
 2013 | 36.82% | 42.61% | 32.31% |  |
 2018 | 39.23% | 44.66% | 35.00% |  |
Predisposing factors | ||||
 Sex |  |  |  | 0.055 |
  Male | 48.85% | 48.16% | 49.39% |  |
  Female | 51.15% | 51.84% | 50.61% |  |
 Age (years) |  |  |  | 0.000 |
   ≤ 30 | 17.45% | 16.99% | 17.80% |  |
  30–45 | 21.10% | 20.39% | 21.66% |  |
  45–60 | 30.32% | 26.34% | 33.42% |  |
   > 60 | 31.13% | 36.28% | 27.11% |  |
 Family size |  |  |  | 0.000 |
   ≤ 2 | 25.71% | 30.75% | 21.79% |  |
   > 2 | 74.29% | 69.25% | 78.21% |  |
 Marital status |  |  |  | 0.006 |
  Married | 80.70% | 79.92% | 81.31% |  |
  Not married | 19.30% | 20.08% | 18.69% |  |
 Education level |  |  |  | 0.000 |
  Less than lower secondary | 68.63% | 53.71% | 80.26% |  |
  Upper secondary & vocational training | 18.36% | 23.48% | 14.37% |  |
  Tertiary | 13.01% | 22.81% | 5.37% |  |
 Employment status |  |  |  | 0.000 |
  Employed | 64.94% | 48.55% | 77.71% |  |
  Not employed | 19.53% | 19.02% | 19.94% |  |
  Retired | 15.53% | 32.43% | 2.35% |  |
Enabling factors | ||||
 Income level |  |  |  | 0.000 |
   ≤ ¥13,334 | 25.44% | 8.38% | 38.74% |  |
  ¥13,334–24,915 | 24.60% | 19.45% | 28.61% |  |
  ¥24,915–39,967 | 25.10% | 32.39% | 19.42% |  |
   > ¥39,967 | 24.86% | 39.78% | 13.23% |  |
 Financial subsidies |  |  |  | 0.000 |
  Yes | 3.78% | 2.83% | 4.53% |  |
  No | 96.22% | 97.17% | 95.47% |  |
 Social health insurance |  |  |  | 0.000 |
  Yes | 96.47% | 96.14% | 96.74% |  |
  No | 3.53% | 3.86% | 3.26% |  |
Need factors | ||||
 Depression |  |  |  | 0.000 |
  Not depressed | 94.83% | 96.26% | 93.71% |  |
  Depressed | 5.17% | 3.74% | 6.29% |  |
 Self-reported health status (value on VAS) |  |  |  | 0.000 |
  Excellent (80–100) | 75.95% | 75.19% | 76.53% |  |
  Good (70–80) | 12.84% | 14.01% | 11.93% |  |
  Fair (50–70) | 9.78% | 9.63% | 9.90% |  |
  Poor (< 50) | 1.43% | 1.17% | 1.64% |  |
 Smoking |  |  |  | 0.056 |
  Yes | 26.05% | 25.45% | 26.52% |  |
  No | 73.95% | 74.55% | 73.48% |  |
 Drinking |  |  |  | 0.024 |
  Yes | 22.67% | 21.99% | 23.20% |  |
  No | 77.33% | 78.01% | 76.80% |  |
 Chronic diseases |  |  |  | 0.000 |
  0 | 69.06% | 63.56% | 73.34% |  |
  One | 23.55% | 26.60% | 21.17% |  |
  Multiple | 7.39% | 9.84% | 5.49% |  |