Table 1 Descriptions of dependent and independent variables
Categories | Indicators/survey questions | |
|---|---|---|
Dependent variables | ||
Non-use of outpatient services | =1, Reported non-use of outpatient services =0, No reported non-use of outpatient services | Questions: Have you been ill in the last two weeks? What was the main reason for not seeking outpatient treatment? |
Non-use of inpatient services | =1, Reported non-use of inpatient services =0, No reported non-use of inpatient services | Question: In the past year, did a doctor suggest that you needed inpatient care but you were not hospitalized? What was the main reason for not seeking inpatient treatment? |
Non-use of physical examinations | =1, Did not undergo physical examination =0, Underwent physical examination | Question: Have you had a physical examination in the past 12 months? |
Early discharge from the hospital | =1, Reported early discharge from the hospital =0, No reported early discharge from the hospital | Question: In the year before the survey, were you ever discharged early from hospital? What was the main reason for your self-discharge? |
Independent variables | ||
Predisposing factors | ||
Sex | = 1, Male, = 2, Female | Question: What is your sex? |
Age (years) | =1, if ≤30; =2, 30–45; =3, 45–60; =4, if ≥60 | Question: Year of birth. |
Marital status | =1, not married;=2, married | Question: What is your marital status? (Widowhood and divorce both belong to “not married”.) |
Employment/retirement status | =1, employed; =2, not employed; =3, retired | Question: What is your employment status? |
Education level | =1, less than lower secondary; =2, upper secondary & vocational training; =3, tertiary | Question: What is your education level? |
Family size | =1, if ≤2 persons in household; =2, if ≥3 persons in household | Number of household members |
Enabling factors | ||
Social health insurance | =1, have insurance; =0, have no insurance | Question: Do you have any social health insurance? |
Income level | =1, ≤¥13,334; =2, ¥13,334–24,915; =3, ¥24,915–39,967; =4, ≥¥39,967 | Yearly household income divided by the number of household members; first household member with a weight of 1, all following household members with a weight of 0.5. |
Area of residence | =1, urban; =2, rural | Question: What is your registered type? |
Financial subsidies | =1, financial subsidies from government =2, no financial subsidies from government | Whether the respondent was a Medicaid recipient or in a poor household or low-income household |
Need variables | ||
Self-reported health status(Value on VAS) | =1, excellent (80–100); =2, good (70–80); =3, fair (50–70); =4, poor (≤49) | Question: Which score best represents your health today? |
Chronic diseases | =0, no chronic; =1, one chronic; =2, multiple chronic diseases | Questions: Do you have confirmed hypertension? Do you have confirmed diabetes? Do you have other chronic diseases diagnosed? |
Depression | =1, depressed; =0, not depressed | Question: What is the extent of your anxiety or depression? |
Drinking | =1, yes; =2, no | Whether the respondent ever drank alcoholic beverages or is presently a drinker |
Smoking | =1, yes; =2, no | Whether the respondent reports ever having smoked or is presently a smoker |