Table 1 Baseline characteristics (mean values)

Central

N = 408

N = 88

N = 78

N = 410

N = 85

N = 79

all-cause mortality rate (%)

6.38

5.91

4.67

5.99

5.37

4.48

High school education or above (%)

8.19

11.05

21.90

16.84

22.13

37.06

migrant (%)

4.61

6.99

19.1

8.32

10.73

24.91

aged under 5 (%)

8.74

7.26

7.83

8.24

7.47

6.32

aged over 65 (%)

5.84

6.30

6.67

8.92

9.01

8.19

population density (/km2)

115.54

175.01

1010.45

318.74

456.01

1319.82

female-to-male ratio (%)

94.34

94.99

97.51

94.78

96.02

96.69

minority (%)

12.46

15.10

6.64

5.58

2.64

2.09

Northeastern

N = 95

N = 56

N = 34

N = 92

N = 55

N = 34

all-cause mortality rate (%)

5.42

5.71

4.88

5.76

5.80

5.53

high school education or above (%)

10.67

13.09

24.77

16.12

19.67

36.88

migrant (%)

7.10

9.43

19.74

9.65

12.79

24.00

aged under 5 (%)

6.60

6.21

5.24

5.08

4.63

3.78

aged over 65 (%)

5.84

6.30

6.67

8.23

9.14

9.79

population density (/km2)

115.54

175.01

1010.45

111.16

173.77

845.78

female-to-male ratio (%)

94.34

94.99

97.51

96.11

96.54

98.75

minority (%)

12.46

15.1

6.64

11.66

13.75

6.06

Western

N = 763

N = 80

N = 68

N = 763

N = 71

N = 84

all-cause mortality rate (%)

6.82

5.41

5.03

6.26

4.73

4.67

high school education or above (%)

6.47

12.91

17.83

14.22

22.99

29.45

migrant (%)

6.04

15.07

17.00

10.28

21.06

27.27

aged under 5 (%)

10.54

8.91

8.34

7.97

6.56

6.29

aged over 65 (%)

5.95

5.88

6.18

8.14

8.47

8.41

population density (/km2)

139.18

316.92

749.35

129.09

337.16

632.60

female-to-male ratio (%)

92.46

92.71

93.02

93.30

94.13

95.07

minority (%)

41.83

26.60

11.81

42.04

27.32

14.28

Eastern

N = 341

N = 145

N = 86

N = 335

N = 138

N = 82

all-cause mortality rate (%)

6.39

6.36

4.70

6.79

5.86

4.73

high school education or above (%)

8.64

10.54

21.95

16.71

20.54

35.44

migrant (%)

6.05

10.49

27.19

10.87

18.16

33.60

aged under 5 (%)

7.82

8.03

6.76

8.08

6.56

5.81

aged over 65 (%)

7.90

8.44

6.92

9.63

9.98

8.22

population density (/km2)

410.53

584.28

1710.36

415.57

639.31

1716.8

female-to-male ratio (%)

95.35

96.87

95.90

96.32

96.61

95.71

minority (%)

3.73

1.69

2.05

4.01

2.10

1.90

Overall

N = 1607

N = 369

N = 266

N = 1600

N = 349

N = 279

all-cause mortality rate (%)

6.53

5.94

4.80

6.27

5.50

4.74

high school education or above (%)

7.62

11.56

21.24

15.52

21.29

34.27

migrant (%)

5.74

10.49

21.26

9.87

16.10

28.06

aged under 5 (%)

9.27

7.76

7.28

7.90

6.48

5.85

aged over 65 (%)

6.63

7.18

6.63

8.66

9.30

8.46

population density (/km2)

241.2

434.86

1282.9

236.64

459.83

1171.82

female-to-male ratio (%)

93.15

94.85

94.97

94.48

95.95

96.17

minority (%)

22.77

9.37

5.20

22.98

9.20

6.19